The Chaco leaf-cutting ant Atta vollenweideri is native to the clay-heavy soils of the Gran Chaco region in South America. Because of seasonal floods, colonies are regularly exposed to varying moisture across the soil profile, a factor that not only strongly influences workers' digging performance during nest building, but also determines the suitability of the soil for the rearing of the colon...

[1] The slip behavior of major faults depends largely on the frictional and hydrologic properties of fault gouge. We report on laboratory experiments designed to measure the strength, friction constitutive properties, and permeability of a suite of saturated clay-rich fault gouges, including: a 50:50% mixture of montmorillonite-quartz, powdered illite shale, and powdered chlorite schist. Fricti...

The operating temperatures of current electrochemical energy storage devices are limited due to electrolyte degradation and separator instability at higher temperatures. Here we demonstrate that a tailored mixture of materials can facilitate operation of supercapacitors at record temperatures, as high as 200°C. Composite electrolyte/separator structures made from naturally occurring clay and ro...

INTRODUCTION THE NAME illite was proposed by Grim, Bray and Bradley in 1937 for the mica-type mineral occurring in argillaceous sediments. It was specifically stated that "the term is not proposed as a specific mineral name, but as a general term for the clay mineral constituent of argillaceous sediments belonging to the mica group". Abundant research has shown that many soils, clays and shales...

The washout of fine materials from liners consisting clay–sand mixtures is expected to influence the hydraulic conductivity. Clay sand must be assessed for efficiency when initially subjected flood or standing water as wetting under a gradient can cause material move and migrate away mixture. During drying complex expansion shrinkage, changes take place. These affect conductivity are likely go ...

In this study, to remove the effects of topography and surface roughness to observed spectrum initially, a method using the normalised reflectance (pseudoreflectance) was employed. Then, we examined the removal of the vegetation effects (such as green vegetation and dry vegetation) and a method to estimate soil pseudo-reflectance spectrum, because the ground surface shows the mixture of soil an...

intermittent fever, coming on regularly at 3 p. m. on each clay, and subsiding towards 3 or 4 a. m. with a little sweating. The patient had the paroxysm on him when I first saw him. I ordered liq : ammonia?, acetatis mixture, one ounce every three hours. On the following morning, that is, on the 3rd instant, 1 {prescribed quinine grs. iv. to be taken every four hours, and grs. x. to be taken ha...

Preparative high pressure liquid chromatography on US-Y zeolite shape-selective molecular sieve was studied for carbon isotopic fractionation e€ects. We tested a standard mixture [17b, 21b(H)-hopane, 5a-cholestane] and complex natural hydrocarbon mixtures dominated by tetraand pentacyclic triterpenoids extracted from Oxford Clay shales. We con®rmed that steroids and hopanoids were separated on ...