background and aims: hdv is a defective satellite virus and classified in genus deltavirus. its disease is related and limited to hbv-infected patients. acute infection of delta agent occurs in two different patterns simultaneous infection with both hbv & hdv or super infection of chronically hbv infected patients that lead to more sever type of hepatitis. according to genetic diversity of geno...

The applicability of the enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) process for the removal of phosphorus in warm climates is uncertain due to frequent reports of EBPR deterioration at temperature higher than 25 °C. Nevertheless, a recent report on a stable and efficient EBPR process at 28 °C has inspired the present study to examine the performance of EBPR at 24 °C-32 °C, as well as the PAO...

TrnL-F region including intron trnL (UAA) and trnL (UAA) - trn (GAA) spacer in the large single-copy region of the chloroplast genome is widely used to infer phylogenetic relationships in plants. In this study, we obtained the trnL-F sequences from 8 samples of Arum L. in Iran. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted by the Bayesian inference, maximum parsimony, and maximum likelihood methods. The...

Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157 (O157) strains can be classified into clades (one of several phylogenetic groups) by single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs): these are clade 1, clade 2, clade 3, descendant and ancestral clades 4/5, clade 6, clade 7, clade 8, clade 9, and clade 12. Some recent studies showed that some O157 strains in clade 8 produced a larger amount of Shiga toxin (Stx) 2...

BACKGROUND The Cynopoecilus melanotaenia complex is a morphologically homogeneous killifish group, endemic from an area encompassing southern Brazil and northeastern Uruguay. It presently comprises four valid species: C. melanotaenia, the type species of the genus, and C. fulgens, C. intimus, and C. nigrovittatus. NEW INFORMATION Cynopoecilus feltrini, n. sp., from the lower Tubarão river bas...

Brassicaceae is one of the most diverse and economically valuable angiosperm families with widely cultivated vegetable crops and scientifically important model plants, such as Arabidopsis thaliana. The evolutionary history, ecological, morphological, and genetic diversity, and abundant resources and knowledge of Brassicaceae make it an excellent model family for evolutionary studies. Recent phy...

The internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of the nuclear ribosomal DNA and trnL-F region of the chloroplast DNA were sequenced for all ten species of Chloranthus and the outgroup Sarcandra (Chloranthaceae). Parsimony analyses of separate and combined data sets strongly suggest that Chloranthus is monophyletic and can be divided into two major clades: one containing C. erectus, C. spicatus, C. serr...

Abstract The accurate taxonomic identity for the worldwide-distributed invasive ascidian Botryllus schlosseri has not been resolved. Employing molecular tools, primarily mtDNA, previous studies unveiled five divergent clades (A–E), suggesting a complex of cryptic species. A recent study allocated and E to different Here, worldwide B. 's COI distribution map drawn, based on 2927 specimens, eluci...

In this study, the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the Liuyang black goat was investigated, and phylogenetic relationships between the Liuyang black goat and other species of Caprinae were analyzed. The total length of the mitochondrial genome was 16,715 bp, which consisted of 33.50% A, 27.27% T, 25.98% C, and 13.25% G. The mitochondrial genome contained a major non-coding control reg...

We sought to explain seasonality and other aspects of Campylobacter jejuni epidemiology by integrating population genetic and epidemiological analysis in a large 3-year longitudinal, two-centre, population-based study. Epidemiological information was collected for 1505 isolates, which were multilocus sequence-typed. Analyses compared pathogen population structure between areas, over time, and b...