To allow for accurate calculations of calcium carbonate scaling in highly saline produced waters, we present a comprehensive thermodynamic model based on the electrolyte nonrandom two-liquid (eNRTL) activity coefficient equation aqueous Na+-Ca2+-Cl–-HCO3–-CO32–-CO2 system. The eNRTL binary interaction parameters H2O:(Na+-CO32–) pair, H2O:(Na+-HCO3–) (Na+-Cl–):(Na+-CO32–) and (Na+-Cl–):(Na+-HCO3...

Natural inputs of chlorine (Cl) to soils come mainly from rainwater, sea spray, dust and air pollution. In addition, human practices, such as irrigation and fertilization, contribute significantly to Cl deposition. In the soil solution, Cl occurs predominantly as the chloride anion (Cl~). The Cl~ anion does not form complexes readily, and shows little affinity (or specificity) in its adsorption...

Chloride homeostasis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been characterized with the goal of identifying new Cl- transport and regulatory pathways. Steady-state cellular Cl- contents ( approximately 0.2 mEq/liter cell water) differ by less than threefold in yeast grown in media containing 0.003-5 mM Cl-. Therefore, yeast have a potent mechanism for maintaining constant cellular Cl- over a wide rang...

in this paper, aggregation behaviors of aqueous solutions of short chain hydrophilic ionic liquids (ils), 1 – allyl - 3 - methylimidazolium chloride ([amim]cl), 1 - ethyl - 3 - methylimidazolium chloride ([emim]cl), 1 - butyl - 3 - methylimidazolium chloride ([bmim]cl), 1 - butyl - 3 - methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([bmim]bf4) were investigated using conductivity and laser light scatterin...

Previous work with 8-chloro-cAMP (8-Cl-cAMP) has raised questions as to whether it works as a cAMP analogue or as a nucleoside analogue after its conversion to 8-chloro-adenosine (8-Cl-Ado). Although degradation of 8-Cl-cAMP to 8-Cl-Ado in culture medium or plasma has been shown, cellular pharmacology data are missing. The purpose of the present study was to identify the cellular metabolism of ...

A novel complex absorbent composed of polyethylene glycol 200 (PEG200) and ionic liquids (ILs) was prepared for the absorption volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as dichloromethane (DCM) benzene. We absorbents [EMIM][Cl], [BMIM][Cl], [HMIM][Cl], [BMIM][BF4], [BMIM][PF6], [BMIM][NTF2], PEG200, respectively, studied properties these six DCM The results show that under optimized situation, abs...

Background & Aims: Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) has been endemic in Bam district for many years and several epidemics have already occurred. Following a silent period, another outbreak of CL occurred after the earthquake in 2003. This study was performed to find the trend of CL during 20 years (1988-2007) in Bam district. Methods: In a retrospective study, data of 29395 CL patients were col...