Strongly supersaturated homogeneous calcium citrate solutions are formed spontaneously when solid sodium citrate and solid calcium hydroxycarboxylates are dissolved simultaneously in water or when solid sodium citrate is dissolved in an already saturated aqueous solution of the calcium hydroxycarboxylate at ambient conditions. Maximal supersaturation of calcium citrate was found to decrease for...

The first confirmed mechanism for aluminum (Al) resistance in plants is encoded by the wheat (Triticum aestivum) gene, TaALMT1, on chromosome 4DL. TaALMT1 controls the Al-activated efflux of malate from roots, and this mechanism is widespread among Al-resistant genotypes of diverse genetic origins. This study describes a second mechanism for Al resistance in wheat that relies on citrate efflux....

Under anoxic conditions in the presence of an oxidizable cosubstrate such as glucose or glycerol, Escherichia coli converts citrate to acetate and succinate. Two enzymes are specifically required for the fermentation of the tricarboxylic acid, i.e., a citrate uptake system and citrate lyase. Here we report that the open reading frame (designated citT) located at 13.90 min on the E. coli chromos...

A large variety of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) can utilize citrate under fermentative conditions. Although much information concerning the metabolic pathways leading to citrate utilization by LAB has been gathered, the mechanisms regulating these pathways are obscure. In Weissella paramesenteroides (formerly called Leuconostoc paramesenteroides), transcription of the citMDEFCGRP citrate operon a...

The mechanisms of uptake of non-transferrin-bound iron by human hepatoma cells (HuH7) were investigated using 59Fe-citrate and [14C]citrate. The amount of iron associated with the cells increased linearly with time, whereas citrate uptake reached a plateau after 45 min, resulting in a cellular accumulation of iron over citrate. The cells displayed high-affinity membrane binding sites for citrat...

BACKGROUND The use of acetate in haemodialysis fluids may induce negative effects in patients including nausea and increased inflammation. Therefore, haemodialysis fluids where acetate is substituted with citrate have recently been developed. In this study, we investigated the biocompatibility of citrate employing concentrations used in haemodialysis. METHODS The effects of citrate and acetat...

Natural bone apatite crystals, which mediate the development and regulate the load-bearing function of bone, have recently been associated with strongly bound citrate molecules. However, such understanding has not been translated into bone biomaterial design and osteoblast cell culture. In this work, we have developed a new class of biodegradable, mechanically strong, and biocompatible citrate-...

OBJECTIVE To determine whether ranitidine bismuth citrate, clarithromycin, or a combination of ranitidine bismuth citrate and clarithromycin would be efficacious in eradication of Helicobacter mustelae infection in ferrets. ANIMALS 60 seven-month-old ferrets. PROCEDURE To determine dosages of clarithromycin and ranitidine bismuth citrate that would suppress growth of, but not eradicate infe...

Extracellular pH (pHe) of tumor cells is characteristic microenvironment (TME). Acidic TME impairs the responses tumors to some anti-cancer chemotherapies. In this study, we showed that daily oral dosing sodium potassium citrate (K/Na citrate) increased blood HCO3− concentrations, corresponding increase concentrations and pHs in urine, neutralized pHe. Neutralization acidic by alkaline substanc...