PURPOSE. To determine the anatomic variations in the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness distribution and the relationship between these anatomic variations and other ocular variables. METHODS. A complete ophthalmic examination, including measurement of visual acuity, refraction, and axial length, was performed on 269 subjects with no ophthalmic abnormalities. Further, fund...

conditions, their direct radiative effect is mainly determined by coverage and optical depth. The microphysical properties of contrail cirrus likely differ from those of most natural cirrus, at least during the initial stages of the contrail cirrus life cycle (Heymsfield et al. 2010). Contrails form and persist in air that is ice saturated, whereas natural cirrus usually requires high ice super...

Sensitivities of cirrus cloud radiative forcing as well as solar albedo and infrared emittances to ice crystal size spectrum and ice crystal shape were examined using a coupled cloud-radiation model. The singleand bi-modal crystal size distribution were considered and simulated based on field measurements. Optical parameters of ice crystals shaped as hexagonal columns and random Ž . polycrystal...

AIM Currently, the border of idiopathic epiretinal membranes (iERM) is outlined intraoperatively using vital dyes. Therefore, the authors set out to investigate the role of the preoperative retinal thickness map (RTM) of the optical coherence tomography (OCT) in identifying the shape and the size of the iERMs. METHODS 15 eyes of 15 patients with iERM who underwent vitrectomy with indocyanine ...

The cirrus clouds are a sort of transparent clouds that are barely visible in many satellite images. These clouds form a reflection effect in the images which hide the crucial information in remote sensing. Thus the removal of cirrus effect is essential to have an effective remote sensing over coastal regions and the following proposed algorithms proved to be cirrus-free images. The techniques ...

Sixteen-year (1998–2013) climatology of cirrus clouds and their macrophysical (base height, top height and geometrical thickness) and optical properties (cloud optical thickness) observed using a ground-based lidar over Gadanki (13.5 N, 79.2 E), India, is presented. The climatology obtained from the ground-based lidar is compared with the climatology obtained from 7 and a half years (June 2006–...

Data collected in midlatitude cirrus clouds by instruments on jet aircraft typically show particle size distributions that have distinct distribution modes in both the 10–30-mm maximum dimension (D) size range and the 200–300-mm D size range or larger. A literal interpretation of the small D mode in these datasets suggests that total concentrations Nt in midlatitude cirrus are, on average, well...

An experimental investigation of ir sky radiance and radiance fluctuations in the 8-13-micro atmospheric window is reported. Measurements were made with ground-based, filtered bolometer detector radiometers under clear sky and cirrus overcast conditions. Sky radiance was measured very close to the limb of the sun to permit detection of the solar aureole caused by forward scattering by cirrus ic...

[1] A dynamically driven mechanism occurring above severe thunderstorms is described, which can explain the jumping cirrus phenomenon. A three-dimensional, nonhydrostatic cloud model is used to perform numerical simulation of a supercell that occurred in Montana in 1981. The jumping cirrus phenomenon is reproduced in the simulated storm. Analysis of the model results shows that the jumping cirr...

New estimates of the various contributions to the radiative forcing (RF) from aviation are presented, mainly based on results from the TRADEOFF project that update those of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 1999). The new estimate of the total RF from aviation for 2000 is approximately the same as that of the IPCC’s estimate for 1992. This is mainly a consequence of the stron...