The presence of Converter Interfaced Generations (CIGs) poses significant challenges to traditional protection schemes. This paper studies the impact CIGs on Breaker Failure Protection (BFP) transmission lines emanating from CIGs. instantaneous over-current (50BF) setting and reset time BFP have been investigated. Fault current contribution is usually comparable with load currents. Low fault by...

This work studies the use of gold (Au) and silver (Ag) nanoparticles in multicrystalline silicon (mc-Si) and copper-indium-gallium-diselenide (CIGS) solar cells. Au and Ag nanoparticles are deposited by spin-coating method, which is a simple and low cost process. The random distribution of nanoparticles by spin coating broadens the resonance wavelength of the transmittance. This broadening favo...

Epitaxial bicrystals of Cu In,Ga Se2 CIGS have been grown and characterized spanning high angle incoherent grain boundaries. The grain boundaries in the CIGS were generally found to be fully dense, although voids were occasionally observed as is typical in CIGS polycrystals. There was no significant difference in composition of the grains across the boundary. No reduction in dislocation density...

We present a simple method for computing angle-domain Common Image Gathers (CIGs) using prestack reverse time migration. The proposed method is an extension of the method proposed by Rickett and Sava (2001) to compute CIGs by downward-continuation shot-profile migration. We demonstrate with a synthetic example the use of the CIG gathers for migration velocity updating. A challenge for imaging b...

BACKGROUND Electronic cigarettes (e-Cigs) are an attractive long-term alternative nicotine source to conventional cigarettes. Although they may assist smokers to remain abstinent during their quit attempt, studies using first generation e-Cigs report low success rates. Second generation devices (personal vaporisers - PVs) may result in much higher quit rates, but their efficacy and safety in sm...

The purpose of this research is the performance improvement CIGS/CdS/ZnO solar cells, while CdS buffer layer too thin. Enhancement photocurrent by decreasing thickness expected from a reduced parasitic absorption at short wavelengths. However, formation pinholes due to too-thin and non-uniform coverage CIGS surface degrades cell reducing fill factor (FF) open-circuit voltage (Voc). This degrada...

In the continuing attempt to find an alternative to CdS windows for CIS absorbers, recent results show that a Cd-doped CIGS surface can produce a cell comparable to the best CdS/CIGS cells. We extend this work to include CIGSSbased cells utilizing the same absorber preparation process as is currently used to manufacture commercial photovoltaic modules. We use current-voltage, quantum efficiency...

Computer-interpretable guidelines (CIGs) aim to improve patient care and reduce medical errors. Although CIGs implement evidence-based recommendations they cannot prevent exceptional behavior from happening. To address this problem we developed a framework that can monitor, detect, and handle exceptions that occur during normal CIG execution and can potentially prevent them from developing into...