The dew point is the temperature at which vapour begins to condense out of the gaseous phase. The deterministic relationship between the dew point and humidity is the basis for the industry-standard "chilled-mirror" dew point hygrometers used for highly accurate humidity measurements, which are essential for a broad range of industrial and metrological applications. However, these instruments h...

Artificial insemination (AI) is becoming more common in canine reproduction, permitting the use of shipped semen, assistance for geriatric or subfertile males, coverage of dominant females, and advanced reproductive technology such as intrauterine deposition of semen. AI may be performed with fresh, chilled, or frozen semen. All instruments should be clean and free of any chemical contamination...

Seeds from natural populations of fierce thornapple and velvetleaf collected in a corn-growing area in central Spain were incubated at a range of constant temperatures and water potentials to model the progress of germination on the basis of the accumulation of hydrothermal time. Previous to the germination tests, the seeds were treated in two different ways: (1) dark storage under dry conditio...

Component and subsystem models used to evaluate the performance of a low-lift cooling system are described. An air-cooled chiller, a hydronic radiant distribution system, variable-speed control, and peak-shifting controls are modeled. A variable-speed compressor that operates over 20:1 speed range and pressure ratios ranging from one to six is at the heart of the chiller. Condenser fan and chil...

The chilled-water systems, mainly consisting of electric chillers and cooling towers, are crucial for the ventilating and air conditioning systems in commercial buildings. Energy efficient operation of such systems is thus important for the energy saving of commercial buildings. This paper presents an extremum seeking control (ESC) scheme for energy efficient operation of the chilled-water syst...

The large primary-secondary chilled water systems often suffer from the excess flow demand and low chilled water temperature difference, which is known as the low ΔT central plant syndrome, during operation. This paper presents an approach for experimental validation of the possible utility of a check valve (i.e., putting a one-direction check valve in the chilled water by-pass line) to solve t...

Numbers of Campylobacter detected on broiler carcasses decrease due to scalding but rebound during defeathering. Earlier research indicated that escape of gut contents during defeathering is an important contributor to the increase in Campylobacter numbers, whereas aerosols created by feather picking machines are not. The objective of this study was to determine if contact with surfaces in natu...

In a large-scale Swiss poultry abattoir, a microbiological process analysis of broiler carcasses was performed. At each selected process stage (scalding, plucking, evisceration, washing, and chilling), 90 carcasses from 30 flocks were sampled and examined for Campylobacter, Salmonella, Escherichia coli, Enterobacteriaceae, and extended-spectrum b-lactamases-producing Enterobacteriaceae. With re...