Benefits of Social Software in teaching and learning are a research subject of great interest, especially in higher education. Even though the opportunities to encourage students’ participation are promising, there is a neglected area we intend to illuminate: heteronomy. Compulsion and external control are used to foster participation. In our study we examined 16 international evaluation and re...

objective: many studies have shown that the level of postoperative distress and anxiety in children is associated with the amount of anxiety during the pre operative period. in this study, we compared the effect of pre-operational attending in a playroom and using play activities on the level of anxiety increment after surgery in an intervention and a control group of iranian children. method: ...

PURPOSE Children with cerebral palsy (CP) have difficulty participating in role-pretending activities. The concept of adaptive play makes play accessible by modifying play materials for different needs or treatment goals for children with CP. This study examines the affective expressions and imagination in children with CP as a function of ordinary versus adaptive pretend play. METHOD The Aff...

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Training studies have shown the positive effects of play tutoring on children’s social skills. This study investigates whether theoretically suggested mechanism change—social pretend quality—explains effect competence and Twenty-seven Swiss playgroups ( N = 214 three- to four-year-olds) participated in a randomized intervention with three conditions: group (play tutoring), material (half-dose),...

Pretend play is a quintessential activity of early childhood, and adults supply children with many toys to encourage it. Do young children actually prefer to pretend, or do they do it because they are unable to engage in some activities for real? Here we examined, for nine different activities, American middle-class preschoolers' preferences for pretend and real activities. The 100 children we ...

The research focused on the exploration of gender differences in interaction with infant siblings in the home and the materna] socialization of baby care in girls as opposad to boys. Observations were made of 20 families, each with 2 parents, an infant under the age of 12 months, and an older child between the ages of 46 and 102 months. Five families were selected from each of the four possible...