Iraq has used extensively chemical warfare agents in recent Iran-Iraq conflict (1980-1988) and it is believed about 450,000 people were exposed to this agents. Long-term effects of chemical warfare agents, particularly mustard gas, on pulmonary function tests (PFT) (VC, FEV1 , FVC, FEV/FVC, PEF, MEF50%, MEF25%, MEF25-75% , ERC and IC) are estimated during 7.7 [standard deviation (SD)=l.2] years...

The weapons of mass destruction, chemical, biological and nuclear warfare are the most brutal created by the humans. They kill and incapacitate not only the armed forces but also the innocent public, without any mercy. The Chemical Weapons Convention prohibits the production, storage and use of toxic chemicals during warfare. In fact, the use of “Any chemical which through its chemical action o...

although the shelling and bombing against the residential areas have been prohibited in the international law, the iraqi regime used these tools frequently to advance its military and political strategy. these attacks were escalated after the kheibar operation. this article considers the definitions and concepts of the war of the cities and then studies the trend of this war during the iran-ira...

At the present study, different properties of Sarin with the formula [(CH3)2CHO]CH3POF was studiedin gas phase. Geometrical optimizations of Sarin, single point calculation, NMR and Electricalparameters were carried out in gas phase with the Hartee -Fock method coupled to 6-31g* basis setsfor all atoms. The results obtained from a comparison between tables and charts came up fordiscussion and a...

The old Japanese army developed several chemical warfare agents on Ohkuno Island in Seto inland sea, Hiroshima Japan, during the period between 1919 and 1944. These chemical agents including yperite (mustard; irritating agent), lewisite (irritating agent), diphenylchloroarsine (DA; vomiting agent), diphenylcyanoarsine (DC; vomiting agent) and other poisonous gases were manufactured to be used i...

OBJECTIVE Exposure of DNA to sulfur mustard gas may increase the inheritance of asthma in chemical warfare victims' (CWV) offspring. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of asthma in children of CWV and compare it to asthmatic children in the general population. METHODS Four hundred and nine children from 130 CWV fathers and 440 children from 145 asthmatic parents from ...

It is especially appropriate that a paper originating from the Medical Division of the Army Chemical Center be included in this anniversary volume of the Yalc Journal of Biology and Medicine. Dr. Winternitz has been actively connected with chemical warfare medical research from the beginning and particularly during the two wartime periods of greatest activity. During the war against the Central...

and it is equally certain that it will be fought with gas, | unless some other and more effective form of frightfulness has been discovered in the meantime. Hence the importance of this very complete, authoritative and wonderfully-illustrated exposition of the subject. In brief, the book is one which is essential to all military medical officers. Whatever may be the popular belief as to the bar...

Chemical and biological warfare agents constitute a low-probability, but high-impact risk both to the military and to the civilian population. The use of hazardous materials of chemical or biological origin as weapons and for homicide has been documented since ancient times. The first use of chemicals in terms of weapons of mass destruction goes back to World War I, when on April 22, 1915 large...