We investigate reactive gas mixtures in the kinetic chemical equilibrium regime. Our starting point is a generalized Boltzmann equation with a chemical source term valid for arbitrary reaction mechanisms and yielding a positive entropy production. We rst study the Enskog expansion in the kinetic chemical equilibrium regime. We derive a new set of macroscopic equations in the zerothand rst-order...

Understanding the chemical state of lead in fly ash generated from a waste thermal treatment is important, since the toxicity and solubility of the element depends on its chemical state. This study identified three potential methods for obtaining quantitative information regarding the chemical state of lead in fly ash: X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) analysis, extended X-ray absorp...

Of the elements strictly synthesized in stars, oxygen is by far the most abundantly produced. We review the nucleosynthesis and Galactic chemical evolution of this important element. We then review its isotopic composition in presolar grains recovered from primitive meteorites and from interplanetary dust particles. As we describe, knowledge of these isotopic compositions provide important cons...

This paper discusses the use of functional data analysis to determine the interactions between the chemical composition and grain size. The proposed method is compared for a case study with others that involve the determination of the coefficient of correlation between the concentration of each chemical element in a bulk sample and representative points in the granulometric curve. The results o...

The preparation, synthesis, and characterization of Corning trace-element glasses 95IRV, 95IRW, and 95IRX by bulk chemical and electron microprobe techniques is discussed. Working values for the doped elements in the 95-series glasses are established. Blank values have been determined by both bulk chemical and electron microprobe analysis, and important x-ray interferences are highlighted. Chem...

The electronic structures of a series of gallium complexes are examined using X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) in combination with ab initio calculations. The chemical states of Ga are strongly affected by the ligands and the bonding environment. For complexes containing multiple gallium sites, we demonstrate that XAS can identify the chemical state of each unique gallium center. A reliable ...

This document will outline the theoretical background and operating principles of a general finite element code which has been developed for research and teaching of materials processing operations, and present examples of its use. Some of this information is rather condensed, and the reader will probably wish to consult additional sources such as those listed in the References section for more...

Biosensors are analytical devices composed of a recognition element of biological origin and a physico-chemical transducer. Immobilization plays a major role in developing the biosensor by integrating both the above components. In this article, studies carried out at BARC on immobilization of biological elements and their association with transducers for the development of biosensors for enviro...