• Equity crowdfunding is more complex than other forms of crowdfunding and requires proper checks and balances if it is to provide a viable channel for financial intermediation in the seed and early-stage market in Europe. It is important to explore this new channel of funding for young and innovative firms given the critical role these start-ups can play job creation and economic growth in Eur...

Introduction I. The Case for Capacity A. Clarity B. Consistency C. Checks and Balances D. Summary II. Proposal to Expand Court Capacity A. Expand the Court 1. Size 2. Implementation B. Adopt Panel Decisionmaking C. Retain Limited En Banc Review III. Proposal Pros and Cons A. Potential Benefits 1. Credible Threat of Review 2. Entry and Exit 3. Court Composition 4. Court Cohesion 5. Judicial Educ...

Tumor cells escape the immune surveillance system of the host through a process called immune tolerance. Immunotherapy targets molecules that serve as checks and balances in the regulation of immune response. Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is an intracellular enzyme, which through the process of tryptophan depletion exerts an immunosuppressive effect, facilitating immune escape of tumors. Th...

This manuscript examines the relationship between political veto points, credible commitments and regulatory compliance costs. We extend the work on credible commitments in comparative political economy and apply this framework to environmental compliance costs in the American states. Our central purpose is to assess whether different types of political veto points credibly constrain regulatory...

We perform three tests on our proposal to implement diffeomorphism invariance in the nonabelian D0-brane DBI action as a basepoint independence constraint between matrix Riemann normal coordinate systems. First we show that T-duality along an isometry correctly interchanges the potential and kinetic terms in the action. Second, we show that the method to impose basepoint independence using an a...

Recent attempts at replicating highly-cited peer-reviewed studies demonstrate that the "reproducibility crisis" is indeed upon us. However, punitive measures against individuals committing research misconduct are neither sufficient nor useful because this is a systemic issue stemming from a lack of positive incentive. As an alternative approach, here we propose a system of checks and balances f...

The current system of health technology development is characterised by multiple misalignments. The “supply” side (innovation policy-makers, entrepreneurs, investors) and the “demand” side (health policy-makers, regulators, health technology assessment, purchasers) operate under different – and conflicting – logics. The system is less a “pathway” than an unstable ecosystem of multiple interacti...

Publius’ vigorous argument for a “more perfect union“ was backed by deeply sensed fear of the human vices and their potential destruction polity. Hence, often admired system checks balances as well distribution competences is heavily biased in order to establish compromise between stability liberty safeguard (true) republican government with, against people.

Abstract The author examines the tension that exists between various components of separation powers (in particular ideas independence and separation, system checks balances). He analyses different ways solving them. Attention is paid, for example, to attempting supplement with some other normative thesis. rejects previous approaches argues can be understood as separate principles. Conflicts th...