Background: Household income and other socioeconomic position (SEP) indicators are among the most salient social determinants of children’s emotions and behaviors. Some research has shown that income and other SEP indicators may have certain sex-specific effects on the structures and functions of particular brain regions. Objectives: To investigate sex differences in the association of househ...

The extra-hypothalamic actions of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) have been accorded an important role in coordinating responses to stressors and contributing to the consequences of drug abuse. Recent proposals suggest that CRH actions in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis coordinate responses to tonic/unpredictable stressors whereas these actions in the central nucleus of the amygda...

Cue-induced drug-seeking in rodents progressively increases after withdrawal from operant self-administration of cocaine, heroin, methamphetamine, and alcohol, a phenomenon termed "incubation of drug craving." Here, we used the opiate drug morphine and explored whether incubation of drug craving also occurs in a pavlovian conditioned place preference (CPP) procedure in which rats learn to assoc...

The amygdala is widely recognized to play a central role in emotional processing. In nonhuman primates, the amygdala appears to be critical for generating appropriate behavioral responses in emotionally salient contexts. One common finding is that macaque monkeys that receive amygdala lesions as adults are behaviorally uninhibited in the presence of potentially dangerous objects. While control ...

There is extensive evidence that the amygdala is involved in affectively influenced memory. The central hypothesis guiding the research reviewed in this paper is that emotional arousal activates the amygdala and that such activation results in the modulation of memory storage occurring in other brain regions. Several lines of evidence support this view. First, the effects of stress-related horm...

BACKGROUND The amygdala has a central role in processing emotions, particularly fear. During functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) amygdala activation has been demonstrated outside of conscious awareness using masked emotional faces. METHODS We applied the masked faces paradigm to patients with major depression (n = 11) and matched control subjects (n = 11) during fMRI to compare amygd...

Background: The amygdala has a central role in processing emotions, particularly fear. During functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) amygdala activation has been demonstrated outside of conscious awareness using masked emotional faces. Methods: We applied the masked faces paradigm to patients with major depression (n 11) and matched control subjects (n 11) during fMRI to compare amygdala ...

The importance of cues signaling reward, threat or danger would suggest that they receive processing privileges in the neural systems underlying perception and attention. Previous research has documented enhanced processing of motivationally salient cues, and has pointed to the amygdala as a candidate neural structure underlying the enhancements. In the current study, we examined whether the am...