This work introduces a stochastic model for the spread of a virus in a cell population where the virus has two ways of spreading: either by allowing its host cell to live on and duplicate, or else by multiplying in large numbers within the host cell, causing the host cell to burst thereby letting the viruses enter new uninfected cells. The model is a kind of interacting Markov branching process...

Proteose peptone (PP) is a heat-stable and acid-soluble protein in milk whey. We reveal in this study the IgE production-suppressing activity of the PP fraction in bovine milk. The PP fraction suppressed IgE production by human myeloma cell line U266 cells by depressing the IgE mRNA expression. The suppressive activity of the PP fraction was facilitated by trypsin digestion. An oral administrat...

Interim Reports on work of the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis receive only limited review. Views or opinions expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of the Institute, its National Member Organizations, or other organizations supporting the work. Abstract This paper is a first step in trying to develop a concept incorporating population growth and population agi...

To investigate the effects of gender on static and dynamic postural stability in community dwelling healthy older adults. Thirty men and 30 women older than 65 years participated in the study. They completed 4 balance tests, including one-legged stance test (OLST) with eyes open (EO), OLST with eyes closed (EC), Sharpened Romberg (SR) and Dynamic postural stability (Turn 180). Means of static a...

Studying the energetics of marine top predators such as seabirds is essential to understand processes underlying adult winter survival and its impact on population dynamics. Winter survival is believed to be the single most important life-history trait in long-lived species but its determinants are largely unknown. Seabirds are inaccessible during this season, so conventional metabolic studies ...

In many subsistence communities worldwide, labor-saving technologies such as mechanized water pumps and grain mills are introduced during the first stages of economic acculturation. These technological changes affect the efficiency with which resources are acquired and processed. If women can produce the same amount of a good in less time and if the time savings is reallocated to less energetic...

CD103(+) dendritic cells (DCs) continuously migrate from the intestine to the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) and maintain tolerance by driving the development of regulatory T cells (Treg) in the gut. The relative expression of Treg and T-helper 17 (Th17) cells determines the balance between tolerance and immunity in the gut. We hypothesized that trauma/hemorrhagic shock (T/HS) would decrease the...

Like any other precipitation process, in supercritical water hydrothermal synthesis (SWHS), the need to improve product quality and minimize production cost requires understanding and optimization of Particle Size Distribution (PSD). In this work, using Population Balance Equation (PBE) containing nucleation and growth terms, the reactive precipitation of zirconia nanoparticles prepared by ...