naturally the brain is ineffective in regenerating functional tissue after disease or injury, so to overcome these defects innovative curative strategies such as stem cell transplantation and tissue engineering have to be considered. researchers investigate the use of strategies to attain better functional repair results. one of the important challenges of effective transplantation is the deliv...

Recent advances in cell biology open the way for studying aspects of blood-brain bamer (BBB) formation and function that have puzzled investigators since Ehrlich and Goldmann first described the barrier. Although the endothelial cells in the microvessels of all tissues appear to arise from common mesodermal precursors, considerable organ-to-organ variability exists in their ultrastructure and p...

Cell alignment is critical in numerous areas, from tissue engineering to biohybrid robotics. modulated through many features including surface topographies, mechanical cues cell-matrix interactions, and cell-cell interactions. In this study, we present our approach examine the role of topographies interactions with respect cell alignment. We developed an create wavy at nanometer size scale, whi...

Mutual associations between nerves and mast cells have been observed in normal conditions and in pathological ones such as human irritable bowel syndrome, atopic dermatitis, interstitial cystitis, and more. Here we review the recent literature in this field, putting emphasis on the enteric, skin, and urinary systems, and the pathophysiological implications of this interaction in them.

Focal adhesions (FAs) are macromolecular complexes that connect the actin cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix (ECM). These cell junctions are highly spatially organized yet dynamic organelles that transduce force from the actin cytoskeleton to transmembrane proteins known as integrins, which are heterodimers that bind to ECM components such as fibronectin, collagen, and laminin. The intrac...

Nanoparticles are finding increasing applications in the field of medicine [1], with extensive research being conducted on the design of nanoparticles to enhance targeted uptake and action [2]. Preliminary investigations of nanoparticles with potential applications in medicine involve in vitro testing to explore cellular uptake (particle dose) and action. Analytical transmission electron micros...

objective(s):theneuroprotective effect of lithium has been attributed to its therapeutic action. however, the role of glial cells particularly astrocytes, and the possible interactions between neurons and astrocytes in neuroprotective effects of lithium have been disregarded. thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the direct effects of lithium on brain derived neurotrophic factor (bdnf) an...