We demonstrated for the first time (to our knowledge) the characterization of absolute frequency stability of three reference cavities by cross beating three laser beams that are independently locked to these reference cavities. This method shows the individual feature of each reference cavity, while conventional beat note measurement between two cavities can provide only an upper bound. This m...

An algorithm based on the Monte Carlo method is described that permits the precise calculation of radiant emission characteristics of nonisothermal blackbody cavities for use as standard sources in radiometry, photometry, and radiation thermometry. The algorithm is realized for convex axisymmetric specular-diffuse cavities formed by three conical surfaces. The numerical experiments provide esti...

We propose a conditional scheme to generate entangled two-photon generalized binomial states inside two separate single-mode high-Q cavities. This scheme requires that the two cavities are initially prepared in entangled one-photon generalized binomial states and exploits the passage of two appropriately prepared two-level atoms one in each cavity. The measurement of the ground state of both at...

Cochlear implantation in canal wall down mastoid (CWD) cavities is fraught with the issue of how best to manage the mastoid cavity. Decision points include whether the external auditory meatus should be overclosed, whether the implantation should be staged, or even if the eustachian tube should be plugged. Given these options, we sought to describe our experience of cochlear implantation in CWD...

Solidification cracking is a key phenomenon associated with defect formation during welding. To elucidate the failure mechanisms, solidification cracking during arc welding of steel are investigated in situ with high-speed, high-energy synchrotron X-ray radiography. Damage initiates at relatively low true strain of about 3.1% in the form of micro-cavities at the weld subsurface where peak volum...

We present a statistical analysis of 66 days of observations of quiescent (non-erupting) coronal cavities and associated velocity and thermal structures. We find that nested rings of LOS-oriented velocity are common in occurrence and spatially well correlated with cavities observed in emission. We find that the majority of cavities possess multiple rings, and a range in velocity on the order of...

Miniaturization of optical cavities has numerous advantages for enhancing light-matter interaction in quantum optical devices, low-threshold lasers with minimal power consumption, and efficient integration of optoelectronic devices at large scale. However, the realization of a truly nanometer-scale optical cavity is hindered by the diffraction limit of the nature materials. In addition, the sca...

one of the main criteria in evaluating the restorative materials is the degree of microleakage. the aim of this study was to compare the microleakage of glass ionomer restored cavities prepared by er:yag laser or turbine and bur.twenty extracted caries-free deciduous posterior teeth were selected for this study. the teeth were randomly divided into two groups for cavity preparation. cavities in...