Recent theoretical developments in the studies of two-photon exchange effects in elastic electron-proton scattering are reviewed. Two-photon exchange mechanism is considered a likely source of discrepancy between polarized and unpolarized experimental measurements of the proton electric form factor at momentum transfers of several GeV. This mechanism predicts measurable effects that are current...

Lactobacillus sp. strain E1 catalyzed the decarboxylation of glutamate (Glu), resulting in a nearly stoichiometric release of the products gamma-aminobutyrate (GABA) and CO2. This decarboxylation was associated with the net synthesis of ATP. ATP synthesis was inhibited almost completely by nigericin and about 70% by N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD), without inhibition of the decarboxylation...

The reaction between aqueous Fe(II) and Fe(III) oxides is extremely complex, and can catalyze Fe(II)-Fe(III) electron transfer, exchange of Fe atoms between the aqueous and solid phases, mineral transformation, and contaminant reduction. Together, these processes represent a phenomenon referred to as Fe(II)-catalyzed Fe oxide recrystallization, which has been observed under controlled condition...

The proton conductivity and oxidation resistance as well as dimensional stability of hydrocarbon proton exchange membranes were simultaneously improved, achieving exciting overall properties.

Proton exchange between spin groups of the solid matrix of hydrated granular potato starch and water was studied using the 2D time domain NMR. The proton spin–spin relaxation time T2, and spin–lattice relaxation time T1 (selective and non-selective pulse sequences) were measured at room temperature. The observed spin relaxation results were analysed for exchange assuming a two-site exchange mod...