Executive Summary 4 1. Introduction 7 2. Agricultural Reuse 8 2.1 Background 8 2.2 Current WHO Guidelines, and standards for selected countries 8 2.3 Summary of evidence supporting WHO (1989) Guidelines 11 2.3.1 Effects of use of untreated wastewater 11 2.3.1.1 Effects on farm workers or wastewater treatment plant workers 11 2.3.1.2 Effects on consumers of vegetable crops 12 2.3.2 Effects of us...

In this study, twelve Mallards living in an artificial wastewater wetland were exposed to treated wastewater containing 1 x 104 x 10 enterococci 100 ml for a period of 55 days. Faecal samples were collected before, during and after exposure and analysed for Enterococcus spp. The isolates were phenotyped using the PhenePlate system. 270 Enterococcus spp. of Mallard origin were analysed, together...

In Japan, the coverage rate of domestic wastewater treatment among the population was 82.4% at the end of FY 2006, but the coverage rate of domestic wastewater treatment in areas with a population of 50,000 or less remains low (about 65%). In addition, because a smallscale treatment system requiring low construction and maintenance costs is sought because of municipalities’ financial difficulti...

Swine wastewater is characterized by high organic matter content, solids, nitrogen (expressed as total ammonia and protein) and heavy metals. This work determines the methanogenic toxicity effect of free ammonia contained in swine wastewater comparing raw swine wastewater (RW) and the liquid fraction of swine wastewater (TW). The values of IC50 (50% of inhibition) obtained for methanogenic bact...

Hospital effluents represent an important source for the release of antibiotics and antibiotic resistant bacteria into the environment. This study aims to determine concentrations of various antibiotics in wastewater before and after wastewater treatment in a rural hospital (60 km from the center of Hanoi) and in an urban hospital (in the center of Hanoi) in Vietnam, and it aims to explore the ...

Hookworm infection contributes around 700 million infections worldwide especially in developing nations due to increased use of wastewater for crop production. The effective recovery of hookworm ova from wastewater matrices is difficult due to their low concentrations and heterogeneous distribution. In this study, we compared the recovery rates of (i) four rapid hookworm ova concentration metho...

Despite high performance, municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) still discharge significant amounts of organic material and nitrogen and even microbes into the receiving water bodies, altering physico-chemical conditions and microbial functions. In this study, we examined how nitrified wastewater affects the microbiology of boreal lake sediments. Microbial community compositions were as...

OBJECTIVE The goal of the current study was to gain insight into the prevalence and concentrations of antimicrobial resistant (AMR) Escherichia coli in Dutch surface water, and to explore the role of wastewater as AMR contamination source. METHODS The prevalence of AMR E. coli was determined in 113 surface water samples obtained from 30 different water bodies, and in 33 wastewater samples obt...

Dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) derived from wastewater effluent can participate in reactions that lead to formation of nitrogenous chlorination by-products, membrane fouling, eutrophication, and nitrification issues, so management of DON is important for both wastewater reuse applications and nutrient-sensitive watersheds that receive discharges from treated wastewater. This study documents D...

BACKGROUND Inappropriate use of antibiotics in swine feed could cause accelerated emergence of antibiotic resistance genes, and agricultural application of swine waste could spread antibiotic resistance genes to the surrounding environment. OBJECTIVES We investigated the distribution of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes from swine feedlots and their surrounding environment. ...