Although capnography is a standard tool in mechanically ventilated adult and pediatric patients, it has physiological and technical limitations in neonates. Gas exchange differs between small and adult lungs due to the greater impact of small airways on gas exchange, the higher impact of the apparatus dead space on measurements due to lower tidal volume and the occurrence of air leaks in intuba...

Capnography has been studied for decades as a potential diagnostic tool for suspected pulmonary embolism. Despite technological refinements and its combination with other non-invasive instruments, no evidence to date allows recommending the use of expired carbon dioxide measurement as a rule-out test for pulmonary embolism without additional radiological testing. Further investigations are, how...