This review shares historical glimpses behind the art and science of urinary crystal growth in gel. This successful journey of long and painstaking research consists of both theoretical and experimental knowledge. The survey consists of historical aspects of crystal growth, development of urinary crystal growth in gel as an in vitro urolithiasis model and the application of this model to evalua...

RATIONALE Spontaneous renal rupture is rupture of the renal parenchyma, collecting system, or renal blood vessel, which often occurs in pathological kidney and is clinically less common. Postoperative long-term renal rupture is rarely reported in flexible ureteroscopy treatment of calculus in the upper urinary tract. PATIENT CONCERNS A 58-year-old man complained of right lower abdominal pain ...

Abu Bakr Mohammad Ibn Zakariya Razi, known in the west as Rhazes (865 to 925 AD), was born in the ancient city of Rayy, near Tehran, Iran. He was a renowned physician in medical history and not only followed Hippocrates and Galen, but also greatly extended the analytical approach of his predecessors. Based on the existing documents, he was known as the most distinguished character in the world ...

INTRODUCTION Studies have reported inconsistent results regarding clinical feature and the prognosis status of the affected children in China melamine-contamination event. We summarized available literatures by performing a review and meta-analysis. METHODS Statistical pooling was performed using random-effects model; the sources of heterogeneity were explored through subgroup analyses. RES...

INTRODUCTION Nephrolitiasis, once considered an adult disease, has become increasingly prevalent in children, with na increase from 6% to 10 % annually in past 25 years. Kidney stones in pediatric population can result from metabolic diseases in up to 50% of children affected. Other factors associated with litiasis are infection, dietary factors, and anatomic malformations of urinary tract. Sta...