After nuclear accident in 2011, incineration residue contaminated by radioactive cesium had been produced. Government decided in 2011 that incineration residue with less than 8000 Bq/kg of radioactivity could be disposed of into conventional MSW landfill. Since radioactivity of bottom ash was reported to be low compared with fly ash, it had been disposed of MSW landfill based on the government ...

Images reproduced by permission of Lia Addadi (outside) and James De Yoreo (inside) Other papers published in this issue include: Molecular dynamics simulations of the interaction of citric acid with the hydroxyapatite (0001) and (01-10) surfaces in an aqueous environment Calcite shape modulation through the lattice mismatch between the self-assembled monolayer template and the nucleated crysta...

The effectiveness of magnesium as a substitute material in enzyme-mediated calcite precipitation was evaluated. Magnesium sulfate was added to the injecting solution composed of urea, urease, and calcium chloride. The effect of the substitution on the amount of precipitated materials was evaluated through precipitation tests. X-ray powder diffraction and scanning electron microscopy analyses we...

The ability of organisms to exercise control over crystal growth is wonderfully exemplified by skeleton formation in echinoderms. A sea urchin spine is a unique composite of a single crystal of calcite and glycoproteins intercalated inside the crystal during its growth. Here we performed a detailed morphological and high-resolution synchrotron X-ray diffraction study of the textures of syntheti...

Microstructured biomaterials such as mollusk shells receive much attention at present, due to the promise that advanced materials can be designed and synthesized with biomimetic techniques that take advantage of self-assembly and aqueous, ambient processing conditions. A satisfactory understanding of this process requires characterization of the microstructure not only in the mature biomaterial...

The possible intrusion of CO2 into a given freshwater aquifer due to leakage from deep geological storage involves a decrease in pH, which has been directly associated with the remobilization of hazardous trace elements via mineral dissolution and/or via desorption processes. In an effort to evaluate the potential risks to potable water quality, the present study is devoted to experimental inve...

Variations in speleothem P concentration show cyclic patterns that have important implications for high resolution palaeoclimate and palaeoenvironmental reconstructions. However, little is known about the speciation of P in calcite speleothems. Here we employ solid-state P and H magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS NMR) spectroscopic techniques as a non-destructive method for an...

Cone-in-cone (CIC) and beef (BF) carbonate lenses ornament detachment zone faults underlying Triassic growth basins on Edgeøya. Field relationships place CIC and BF growth as during early diagenesis and a transition from hydroplastic to a later brittle-style of faulting that is marked by coarser calcite veining. Deformation is constrained to have occurred at<300 m depth. Multiple models exist f...

Transmission infrared spectroscopy (TIRS) has been used to investigate the surface-bound species formed in the two-step chlorination/alkylation reaction of crystalline (111)-oriented Si surfaces. Spectra were obtained after hydrogen termination, chlorine termination, and reaction of the Cl-Si(111) surface with CH(3)MgX or C(2)H(5)MgX (X = Cl, Br) to form methyl (CH(3))- or ethyl (C(2)H(5))-term...

Seasonal shifts in calcium carbonate solution equilibria in the limnetic zone of Lake Constance were documented between 1981 and 1983. Except during mixing times, lake water was supersaturated with respect to calcite; epilimnetic supersaturation maxima were closely related to changes in pH. Sedimentation of calcium from the lower boundary of the euphotic zone to the lake bottom was also assesse...