financial derivatives are new instruments through which hedging, investment and arbitrage are done in a modern economy. although the word 'derivative'primarily reminds us of options and futures, the major focus of the equity derivatives industry worldwide is on index derivatives. launching index options and index futures in tehran stock exchange, not only increases financial market de...

futures contract is one of the most important derivatives that is used in financial markets in all over the world to buy or sell an asset or commodity in the future. pricing of this tool depends on expected price of asset or commodity at the maturity date. according to this, theoretical futures pricing models try to find this expected price in order to use in the futures contract. so in this ar...

The paper constructs a structural model to study the effect of corporate bonds buyback on the firm’s credit conditions. The model implies that the firm strategically choose how much debt to buy back and the buyback reduces the firm’s probability of default. In contrast to commonly perceived deleverage channel, the model highlights a novel channel that buying back bonds on the cheap transfers va...

buy-back contracts in the upstream oil and gas projects of iran, has experienced the third generation of this kind of contracts since its inception on 1373 (1994) when the oil and gas industry of iran opend its petroleum market to the foreign investment. these contracts have since been subject to the various critieques raised by international oil companies, foreign investors, or petroleum exper...

This paper develops a framework for integrating contract markets with spot markets using tradable options for capacity. Sellers and Buyers may either contract for delivery in advance (the \contracting" option) or they may sell and buy some or all of their output/input in a spot market. Contract pricing involves both a reservation fee per unit of capacity and an execution fee per unit of output ...

While many information technology vendors deliberately cut their products’ lifecycles to elicit repeat purchases, consumers are often unaware of such planned obsolescence. This paper investigates the effects of atypical two-sided communication about planned obsolescence on consumers’ beliefs and buying intentions. Drawing upon insights from inoculation theory, we hypothesize that trust and inte...

ABSTRACT The economic harm being caused by the novel coronavirus may soon result in multiple sovereign debtors moving into default territory, but existing playbook for dealing with multi-sovereign emerging market debt crises is blank. Currently, only way to deal a crisis carry out protracted country-by-country and contract-by-contract negotiated workouts. Expert groups are attempting design mec...

This paper examines countertrade using standard economic theory. We show that in many circumstances countertrade is a rational response to transaction costs, information asymmetry, moral hazard-agency problems, and other market imperfections. This paper also integrates countertrade into international business theories. Some preliminary hypotheses, that may be empirically testable after refineme...

Westudy a dual-channel supply chain under decentralized setting in which manufacturer sells to retailer and to customers directly usingan online channel. A customer chooses the purchase-channel based on price and service quality. Also, to buy product from the retail store, the customer incurs a transportation cost influenced by the fluctuating gasoline cost. Both companies are under the revenue...

The basis of the digital economy is electronic commerce (e-commerce), based on contracting which increasingly relies use a technology. A contract represents legal obligation, as well foundation validity and legitimacy rules, dating back to theory social contract. functioning society has introduced process digitization into scope Contract Law practice. On example wrap contracts, kind online cont...