Plant cell enlargement is controlled by the ability of the constraining cell wall to expand. This ability has been postulated to be under the control of polysaccharide hydrolases or transferases that weaken or rearrange the loadbearing polymeric networks in the wall. We recently identified a family of wall proteins, called expansins, that catalyze the extension of isolated plant cell walls. Her...

We prove a generalization of the Banach fixed point theorem for symmetric separated V-continuity spaces. We also give examples to show that in general we cannot weaken our assumptions.

0

State weakness can be self-reinforcing through electoral channels. Paramilitaries flourish where states are incapable of eliminating oppositional foes like insurgencies; paramilitaries can also, we argue, penetrate the state via elections and further weaken it from within. The state may thus tolerate paramilitaries initially, but find itself unable to eliminate them later. Rio de Janeiro’s poli...

Previous studies on information disclosure have heavily relied on the justice theory to explain how users balance the benefits and privacy risks (e.g., privacy calculus) induced by the information disclosure behavior. However, the specific mechanism of privacy calculus (or the role of justice) and the boundary conditions under which the privacy calculus works have been rarely empirically invest...

Interspecific resource competition is expected to select for divergence in resource use, weakening interspecific relative to intraspecific competition, thus promoting stable coexistence. More broadly, because interspecific competition reduces fitness, any mechanism of interspecific competition should generate selection favoring traits that weaken interspecific competition. However, species also...