Abstract In this paper, Markov chain and dynamic programming were used to represent a suitable pattern for tax relief and tax evasion decrease based on tax earnings in Iran from 2005 to 2009. Results, by applying this model, showed that tax evasion were 6714 billion Rials**. With 4% relief to tax payers and by calculating present value of the received tax, it was reduced to 3108 billion Rials. ...

The continuing improvement in quantum efficiency (above 90% for single visible photons), reduction noise (below 1 electron per pixel), and shrink pixel pitch (less than ?m) enable billion-pixel x-ray cameras (BiPC-X) based on commercial complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) imaging sensors. We describe BiPC-X designs prototype construction flexible tiling of CMOS sensors with millions ...

A new to science valvatiform hydrobiid, Myrtoessa hyas Radea, gen. n. & sp. n., from southern Greece, is described and illustrated. The new genus is a tiny gastropod thriving in a stream and is differentiated from the other known European and circum-Mediterranean valvatiform hydrobiid genera by a unique combination of the male and female genitalia features i.e. penis long, flat, blunt, with wid...