Branch-and-price is a generalization of linear programming (LP) based branch-and-bound specifically designed to handle integer programming (IP) formulations that contain a huge number of variables. The basic idea of branch-and-price is simple. Columns are left out of the LP relaxation because there are too many columns to handle efficiently and most of them will have their associated variable e...

this article addresses a multi-stage flowshop scheduling problem with equal number of unrelated parallel machines. the objective is to minimize the makespan for a given set of jobs in the system. this problem class is np-hard in the strong sense, so a hybrid heuristic method for sequencing and then allocating operations of jobs to machines is developed. a number of test problems are randomly ge...

Netrin has been implicated in retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axon pathfinding in a number of species. In Xenopus laevis, RGC axons reaching their target in the optic tectum can be repelled by a netrin-1 gradient in vitro, suggesting that netrin may also function in wiring events that follow successful axon pathfinding. Here, we examined the contribution of netrin to RGC axon arborization and synap...

Despite being the world leader in production of hazelnuts, Turkey’s nut yield per hectare is quite behind other producer countries. The main reasons for low are completion economic life hazelnut orchards and lack pruning following technique. Hazelnuts grown with ‘ocak’ system Turkey. ocak a bush-like growing technique that does not contain trunk but consists shoots instead. It necessary to main...