The apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) of Na(+) was determined in live rat brain. The brain extracellular-to-intracellular Na(+) content ratio is approximately 8:2, which is the inverse of that for water in these spaces. Consequently, the ADC of Na(+) is primarily affected by motion in the extracellular space, and Na(+) can be viewed as a reporter molecule for motion in that space. Likewise, ...

Americans consume about 5 billion hamburgers a year. It is presumed that most hamburgers are composed primarily of meat. The purpose of this study is to assess the content of 8 fast food hamburger brands using histologic methods. Eight different brands of hamburgers were evaluated for water content by weight and microscopically for recognizable tissue types. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFA...

Introduction: It has been suggested physical exercise exerts neuroprotection in traumatic brain injury (TBI). However little information is available about the effect of endurance exercise on brain edema, inflammation and oxidant activity in diffuse TBI. Therefore, we investigated the prophylaxis effect of endurance training against oxidative damage, inflammation and brain edema assoc...

The potential efficacy of the calcium channel blocker verapamil in modifying ischemic brain injury was evaluated in anesthetized rats subjected to 60 or 90 min of diffuse forebrain ischemia produced by bilateral occlusion of the carotid and vertebral arteries. Treated animals received verapamil, 2 mg/kg intravenously, prior to ischemia. Four hours of postischemic recirculation was permitted by ...

Allicin, a molecule predominantly responsible for the pungent odor and the antibiotic function of garlic, exhibits various pharmacological activities and has been suggested to be beneficial in the treatment of various disorders. The present study aimed to elucidate the effect of allicin in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats. Rats were subjected to 1.5 h of transient middle cereb...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is associated with high mortality and neurological deficits, and concurrent hyperglycemia usually worsens clinical outcomes. Aquaporin-4 (AQP-4) is important in cerebral water movement. Our aim was to investigate the role of AQP-4 in hyperglycemic ICH. METHODS Hyperglycemia was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ; 6...

An acute increase in plasma tonicity results in an adaptive increase in brain organic osmolyte content, but this process requires several days to occur. Slow reaccumulation of brain organic osmolytes may contribute to osmotic demyelination. It was investigated whether administration of intravenous myoinositol in rats could speed entry of the osmolyte into the brain. Two groups of animals were s...

hypertonic solutions play an important role in the treatment of tissue edema. following the induction of experimental vasogenic brain edema by occlusion of the common carotid arteries in eight rabbits, the effect of hypertonic lactated ringer's solution (subjects), vs. isotonic lactated ringer's solution (control), was studied on blood pressure, electrolyte (sodium, potassium, and cal...

Brain volume change measured from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides a widely used and useful in vivo measure of irreversible tissue loss. These measurements, however, can be influenced by reversible factors such as shifts in brain water content. Given the strong effect of water on T2 relaxation, we investigated whether an estimate of T2 relaxation time would correlate with brain volume ...