outbreaks causing mass mortalities have been observed in the golden grey mullet (liza auratus) population in southern coastal area of the caspian sea since 2002. the clinical signs include neurological abnormalities, such as erratic swimming behavior, spiral swimming, belly-up at rest and over inflation of the swim bladder. three hundred and twelve samples of moribund fish with sizes that range...

objective(s):estrogen (e2) has neuroprotective effects on blood-brain-barrier (bbb) after traumatic brain injury (tbi). in order to investigate the roles of estrogen receptors (ers) in these effects, er-α antagonist (mpp) and, er-β antagonist (phtpp), or non-selective estrogen receptors antagonist (ici 182780) were administered. materials and methods: ovariectomized rats were divided into 10 gr...

Increased brain size, relative to body mass, is a primary characteristic distinguishing the mammalian lineage. This greater encephalization has come with increased behavioral complexity and, accordingly, it has been suggested that selection on behavioral traits has been a significant factor leading to the evolution of larger whole-brain mass. In addition, brains may evolve in a mosaic fashion, ...

Exposure to high concentrations of Manganese (Mn) is known to potentially induce an accumulation in the brain, leading to a Parkinson related disease, called manganism. Versatile mechanisms of Mn-induced brain injury are discussed, with inactivation of mitochondrial defense against oxidative stress being a major one. So far, studies indicate that the main Mn-species entering the brain are low m...

High-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry detection (LC-MS/MS) allows a highly selective, sensitive, simultaneous analysis for prostanoids (PG) without derivatization. However, high chemical background noise reduces LC-MS/MS selectivity and sensitivity for brain PG analysis. Four common methods using different solvent systems for PG extraction were tested. Although th...

Cerebral syphilitic gumma is considered an uncommon involvement of the brain during tertiary syphilis and the differentiation from a brain mass in HIV-negative patients with syphilis is still challengeable to clinicians. We report an unusual case of cerebral syphilitic gumma mimicking malignant brain tumor in a human immunodeficiency virus-negative patient. A 41-year old man complaining of head...