Contraction hierarchies are a simple hierarchical routing technique that has proved extremely efficient for static road networks. We explain how to generalize them to networks with time-dependent edge weights. This is the first hierarchical speedup technique for time-dependent routing that allows bidirectional query algorithms.

this paper takes a close look at the process of evolution of france’s spatial planning system. the rich background and solid approach of spatial planning in france, introduces this country as one of the pioneers of planning in various levels from local to urban and regional scales. the vision of this country during last decades especially in the field of spatial-physical development planning an...

We derive a quantization formula of Bohr-Sommerfeld type for computing quasinormal frequencies for scalar perturbations in an AdS black hole in the limit of large scalar mass or spatial momentum. We then apply the formula to find poles in retarded Green functions of boundary CFTs on IR and IR× S. We find that when the boundary theory is perturbed by an operator of dimension ∆ ≫ 1, the relaxatio...

Bolivian migrants in Brazil are commonly categorised as ‘indians’ who ‘enslaved’ São Paulo's garment industry. Simultaneously, self-identified indigenous peoples Brazilian urban centres constantly challenged to the authenticity of their claims indigeneity. This article explores racialisation based on an ethnography two street markets Paulo, social and spatial mobilities articulate race class hi...

The Earth has warmed in the last century and a large component of that warming has been attributed to increased anthropogenic greenhouse gases. There are also numerous processes that introduce strong, regionalized variations to the overall warming trend. However, the ability of a forcing to change the surface air temperature depends on its spatial and temporal distribution. Here we show that th...

Flow across a rough boundary generates vortical structure over a broad range of spatial scales. The change in the pressure field associated with these structures is manifested as topographic drag. Relevant roughness scales can extend from less than a meter, for surface wave-driven flows, up to kilometers, for tidal currents. Here, we explore the relationship between the energy invested into and...

A series of field observations are being carried out to address the objectives outlined above. Measurements of the wave and current field over a broad region of a coral reef are used to determine energy dissipation in an integral sense. Near-bed observations at smaller scales using acoustic profilers deployed on the Rough Boundary Profiler (RBP) then characterize the spatial structure of the bo...

The present research is aimed at investigating how the politeness of the speakers of Urdu is influenced by their relative social status in society. The researcher took politeness theory of Brown and Levinson (1978, 1987) as a model. To observe politeness of Urdu speakers, speech act of apology with different strategies was selected. A Discourse Completion Task (DCT) was used as an instrument to...

[1] The contemporary presence of the Puli Topographic Embayment within the Taiwanese thrust belt provides insight into processes that initiate and maintain a subcritical state in a thin‐skinned compressive wedge. Orogen‐scale analyses of Taiwan have succeeded in describing the processes and interactions that affect overall development of the thrust belt; however, relatively little is known abou...