Extended periods of waking result in physiological impairments in humans, rats, and flies. Sleep homeostasis, the increase in sleep observed following sleep loss, is believed to counter the negative effects of prolonged waking by restoring vital biological processes that are degraded during sleep deprivation. Sleep homeostasis, as with other behaviors, is influenced by both genes and environmen...

background: th e eff ects of chronic valproic acid administration on bone health have been a matter of concern and controversy.in this study, the bone status following valproate intake was assessed by using several bone-related biochemical markers. materials and methods: in this case-control study, 62 epileptic patients and 40 age- and gender-matched controls were enrolled. the patients had bee...

The process of osteoclastic bone resorption is complex and regulated at multiple levels. The role of osteoclast (OCL) fusion and motility in bone resorption are unclear, with the movement of OCL on bone largely unexplored. RANKL (also known as TNFSF11) is a potent stimulator of murine osteoclastogenesis, and activin A (ActA) enhances that stimulation in whole bone marrow. ActA treatment does no...

Bone morphogenetic protein 9 (BMP9), also known as growth differentiation factor 2 (GDF2), is a member of the transforming ? (TGF ?) superfamily. Although BMP9 plays pivotal roles during development, including angiogenesis, hematopoiesis, hepatogenesis, osteogenesis, and glucose metabolism, little information available for expression in central nervous system (CNS). We, thus, investigated adult...

INTRODUCTION Patients with myeloma develop localized and generalized bone loss leading to hypercalcaemia, accelerated osteoporosis, vertebral wedge fractures, other pathological fractures, spinal cord compression and bone pain. Bone loss is mediated by a variety of biological modifiers including osteoclast-activating factors (OAF) and osteoblast (OB) inhibitory factors produced either directly ...

bone is formed through the processes of endochondral and intramembranous ossification. in endochondral ossification primary mesenchymal cells differentiate to chondrocytes and then are progressively substituted by bone, while in intramembranous ossification mesenchymal stem cells (mscs) differentiate directly into osteoblasts to form bone. the steps of osteogenic proliferation, differentiation,...

This review focuses on the analysis of diagnostic value of the major bone remodeling markers, in particular synthesis and degradation markers of collagen type I. These include carboxy- and aminoterminal telopeptide, carboxy- and aminoterminal propeptide of procollagen type I, hydroxyproline, hydroxylysine, pyridinoline and deoxypyridinoline. Their measurement allows evaluating the structural an...

We previously demonstrated that monocyte-macrophage based drug delivery can be applied to a spectrum of infectious, neoplastic, and degenerative disorders. In particular, bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMM) loaded with nano formulated catalase, "nanozyme", were shown to attenuate neuro inflammation and nigrostriatal degeneration in rodent models of Parkinson's disease (PD). Nonetheless, the p...

In active RA, bone resorption is increased and bone formation is normal or reduced in comparison to healthy controls. This uncoupling of bone formation and resorption with a negative remodelling balance leads to generalized bone loss. The pathogenesis of this altered bone metabolism is multifactorial, involving non-disease-specific factors (such as age, female sex and postmenopausal status) and...