Using a less deceptive variant of the false evidence ploy, interrogators often use the bluff tactic, whereby they pretend to have evidence to be tested without further claiming that it necessarily implicates the suspect. Three experiments were conducted to assess the impact of the bluff on confession rates. Using the Kassin and Kiechel (Psychol Sci 7:125-128, 1996) computer crash paradigm, Expe...

The study of vortex rings formed behind accelerating bluff bodies is necessary to reduce their harmful effects or harvest potential. scaling the growth usually performed by comparing circulation with body size and velocity. This investigates various kinematics conical geometries propose a more robust based on circulation, energy, self-induced