introduction: toluene is an organic solvent that it is one of the byproducts in the coke industry. exposure to toluene causes central nervous system dysfunction and others disorders. many workers are exposed to toluene due to leakage from tracks. therefore the aim of this study was to determine the levels of exposure through environmental and biological monitoring of toluene methods: air toluen...

Urban-dwelling birds have the potential to serve as powerful biomonitors that reveal the impact of environmental change due to urbanization. Specifically, urban bird populations can be used to survey cities for factors that may pose both public and wildlife health concerns. Here, we review evidence supporting the use of avian biomonitors to identify threats associated with urbanization, includi...

Methods that permit the sensitive detection of DNA damage and repair are of special significance in the field of environmental research due to the long latent period between exposure to environmental agent(s) and genetic effect(s) becoming apparent. Malathion is a commonly used organophosphorus insecticide reported to be genotoxic both in vivo and in vitro, but the reports are conflicting. In o...

A major challenge in biomonitoring studies with members of the general public is ensuring their continued involvement throughout the necessary length of the research. The paper presents evidence on the use of community researchers, recruited from local study areas, as a mechanism for ensuring effective recruitment and retention of farmer and resident participants for a pesticides biomonitoring ...

BACKGROUND Population pharmacokinetic models combined with multiple sets of age-concentration biomonitoring data facilitate back-calculation of chemical uptake rates from biomonitoring data. OBJECTIVES We back-calculated uptake rates of PBDEs for the Australian population from multiple biomonitoring surveys (top-down) and compared them with uptake rates calculated from dietary intake estimate...

The monitoring of changes in aquatic ecosystems due to anthropogenic activities is utmost importance ensure the health biodiversity. Eutrophication water bodies disturbances serves as one major sources nutrient efflux and consequently biological productivity community structure these ecosystems. Habitat destruction overexploitation natural resources are other that impact equilibrium systems. En...