The present paper aims to study the effect of skill complexity during different delays on bidirectional transfer on bidirectional transfer of tracking task in different stages (pretest, acquisition phase, immediate transfer, one-day delayed transfer, two-day delayed transfer, and seven-day delayed transfer). Three variables including handedness, time lagges, and skill complexity were studied. T...

In this article, a new single-phase multilevel inverter is introduced with reduced number of power switches and voltage stress on switches. The proposed topology consists four input dc sources nine semiconductor (eight unidirectional one bidirectional switch). can be used for asymmetrical source configuration to generate seventeen levels. extended constructed by series connection the circuit pr...

In modern industrial and power electronics applications, high-voltage high-current integrated modular transistors (IGBTs) are increasingly being utilized. The F-type inverter, which is a modified version of the T-type has emerged as promising option. This configuration separates common point bidirectional switch, reducing voltage stress resulting in lower inverter costs losses. simplified desig...

It is thought that modifications in the strength of synaptic connections onto cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs) such as long-term depression (LTD) and long-term potentiation (LTP) contribute to learning. Repeated paired stimulations of parallel fibres (PFs) and climbing fibre (CF) evoke high-amplitude calcium signals that lead to LTD in PCs, while LTP is induced by low-amplitude calcium pulses as...

The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans changes its chemotaxis to NaCl depending on previous experience. At the behavioral level, this chemotactic plasticity is generated by reversing the elementary behaviors for chemotaxis, klinotaxis, and klinokinesis. Here, we report that bidirectional klinotaxis is achieved by the proper use of at least two different neural subcircuits. We simulated an NaCl con...

The procyclin genes in Trypanosoma brucei are transcribed by RNA polymerase I as part of 5-10 kb long polycistronic transcription units on chromosomes VI and X. Each procyclin locus begins with two procyclin genes followed by at least one procyclin-associated gene (PAG). In procyclic (insect midgut) form trypanosomes, PAG mRNA levels are about 100-fold lower than those of procyclins. We show th...

There is no hypothesis to explain how direct and indirect basal ganglia (BG) pathways interact to reach a balance during the learning of motor procedures. Both pathways converge in the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) carrying the result of striatal processing. Unfortunately, the mechanisms that regulate synaptic plasticity in striatonigral (direct pathway) synapses are not known. Here, w...

Plasticity of feedforward inhibition in the hippocampal mossy fiber (MF) pathway can dramatically influence dentate gyrus-CA3 dialog. Interestingly, MF inputs to CA3 stratum lucidum interneurons (SLINs) undergo long-term depression (LTD) following high-frequency stimulation (HFS), in contrast to MF-pyramid (PYR) synapses, where long-term potentiation (LTP) occurs. Furthermore, activity-induced ...

Biological information storage events are often rapid transitions between discrete states. In neural systems, the initiation of bidirectional plasticity by all-or-none events may help confer robustness on memory storage. Here, we report that at CA3-CA1 hippocampal synapses, individual potentiation and depression plasticity events are discrete and heterogeneous in nature. Individual synapses beg...

<span>A novel matrix converter has been developed for 3-phase to 5-phase conversion using a space vector pulse width modulation. The organized generate AC output voltage from input with help of SVPWM method; bidirectional power switches placed in controlled by appropriate switching pulse. Space modulation (SVPWM) provides better utilization applied voltage, improved reduced total harmonic...