Vibrio cholerae is a gram-negative bacterium that is the causative agent of cholera, a severe diarrheal illness. The two biotypes of V. cholerae O1 capable of causing cholera, classical and El Tor, require different in vitro growth conditions for induction of virulence gene expression. Growth under the inducing conditions or infection of a host initiates a complex regulatory cascade that result...

It is well established that bicarbonate stimulates electron transfer between the primary and secondary electron acceptors, Q(A) and Q(B), in formate-inhibited photosystem II; the non-heme Fe between Q(A) and Q(B) plays an essential role in the bicarbonate binding. Strong evidence of a bicarbonate requirement for the water-oxidizing complex (WOC), both O2 evolving and assembling from apo-WOC and...

Proximal renal tubular acidosis (RTA) (Type II RTA) is characterized by a defect in the ability to reabsorb HCO(3) in the proximal tubule. This is usually manifested as bicarbonate wastage in the urine reflecting that the defect in proximal tubular transport is severe enough that the capacity for bicarbonate reabsorption in the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop and more distal nephron segmen...

The molecular basis by which organisms detect and respond to fluctuations in inorganic carbon is not known. The cyaB1 gene of the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC7120 codes for a multidomain protein with a C-terminal class III adenylyl cyclase catalyst that was specifically stimulated by bicarbonate ion (EC50 9.6 mm). Bicarbonate lowered substrate affinity but increased reaction velocity. A poin...

Metabolic acidosis occurs when a relative accumulation of plasma anions in excess of cations reduces plasma pH. Replacement of sodium bicarbonate to patients with sodium bicarbonate loss due to diarrhea or renal proximal tubular acidosis is useful, but there is no definite evidence that sodium bicarbonate administration to patients with acute metabolic acidosis, including diabetic ketoacidosis,...

BACKGROUND The regulation of fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23) secretion in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is incompletely understood. An in vitro study showed that metabolic acidosis increased FGF23 in mouse bone. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of oral sodium bicarbonate on circulating FGF23 levels in patients with CKD. METHODS This was a single-blind pil...

PKC has been shown to regulate epithelial Cl(-) secretion in a variety of models. However, the role of PKC in duodenal mucosal bicarbonate secretion is less clear. We aimed to investigate the role of PKC in regulation of duodenal mucosal bicarbonate secretion. Bicarbonate secretion by murine duodenal mucosa was examined in vitro in Ussing chambers using a pH-stat technique. PKC isoform expressi...

BACKGROUND Serum bicarbonate varies over time in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients, and this variability may portend poor cardiovascular outcomes. The aim of this study was to conduct a time-updated longitudinal analysis to evaluate the association of serum bicarbonate with long-term clinical outcomes: heart failure, atherosclerotic events, renal events (halving of estimated glomerular filt...

INTRODUCTION The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effect of ingested caffeine, sodium bicarbonate, and their combination on 2,000-m rowing performance, as well as on induced alkalosis (blood and urine pH and blood bicarbonate concentration [HCO3-]), blood lactate concentration ([La-]), gastrointestinal symptoms, and rating of perceived exertion (RPE). METHODS In a double-bli...