PURPOSE The secretion of transforming growth factor-beta2 (TGF-beta2) into the aqueous humor was identified to be important for the maintenance of the immunological privilege in the anterior chamber of the eye. Therefore, prognosis of penetrating corneal grafts might depend on intraocular levels of TGF-beta2. In this study, we determined active TGF-beta2 levels in eyes with pathological corneas...

Retinal waves are mediated in part by activation of nicotinic receptors containing the beta2 subunit. Mice deficient in beta2 containing nAChRs have maintained firing of action potentials but do not support correlated waves. As a result, beta2-/- mice have inhibited refinement of circuits within the retina as well as retinal projections to the CNS. Previously, we observed that correlated increa...

Candidate transcription factors involved in pancreatic endocrine development have been isolated using insulin gene regulation as a paradigm. The cell-type restricted basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) gene, BETA2/NeuroD, expressed in pancreatic endocrine cells, the intestine, and the brain, activates insulin gene transcription and can induce neurons to differentiate. To understand the importance of ...

The roles of the protein tyrosine kinases Pyk2 (also called RAFTK or CAK beta) and Syk in the process of functional activation of human myeloid cells were examined. During granulocytic differentiation of HL-60 cells with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), the amounts of Pyk2 and beta2 integrin increased, whereas the amount of Syk was abundant before differentiation and did not change during differentia...

The oscillatory activity of hippocampal neuronal networks is believed to play a role in memory acquisition and consolidation. Particular focus has been given to characterising theta (4-12 Hz), gamma (40-100 Hz) and ripple (150-250 Hz) oscillations. Beyond these well-described network states, few studies have investigated hippocampal beta2 (23-30 Hz) activity in vivo and its link to behaviour. A...

BACKGROUND Aortic valve calcification is a progressive process resembling ossification. Recent evidence indicates that the sympathetic nervous system plays an important role in regulating bone deposition and resorption through the beta2-adrenergic receptors (beta2-ARs). The aim of this study is to determine the level and pattern of expression of beta2-ARs in human valve interstitial cells (ICs)...

Integrins are heterodimeric receptors composed of alpha and beta transmembrane subunits that mediate attachment of cells to the extracellular matrix and counter-ligands such as ICAM-1 on adjacent cells. beta2 integrin (CD18) associates with four different alpha (CD11) subunits to form an integrin subfamily, which has been reported to be expressed exclusively on leukocytes. However, recent studi...

The development of abnormal primary sensory neuron excitability and neuropathic pain symptoms after peripheral nerve injury is associated with altered expression of voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) and a modification of sodium currents. To investigate whether the beta2 subunit of VGSCs participates in the generation of neuropathic pain, we used the spared nerve injury (SNI) model in rats t...

Cholera toxin (CT) is a potent mucosal vaccine adjuvant, which has been shown to induce T helper cell type 2 (Th2) responses in systemic and mucosal tissues. We report that CT inhibits the production of interleukin (IL)-12, a major Th2 counterregulatory cytokine. IL-12 p70 production by stimulated human monocytes was inhibited by CT in a dose-dependent manner. This suppression occurred at the l...

Present research investigation aims to investigate the prevalence of Clostridium perfringens type A in fresh water fishes [common carp, cat fish, silver carp] obtained from randomly selected dams, freshwater lakes, ponds, retail shops and local markets of Tamil Nadu, India. Intestinal contents from 267 fishes were processed for the isolation and identification of C. perfringens. The ultra struc...