Different kinetic models have been proposed to characterize torrefaction of biomass, demonstrating dependencies on the raw material, experimental system, reaction time, and temperature. Conventionally, stationary processes have been used for kinetics studies of the torrefaction process. In this research, the torrefaction of red oak (Quercus rubra) in a bench-scale fluidized reactor was studied ...

Introduction Filled (hybrid) carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been studied intensively since 1993 [1], motivated by the prospect of using their inner chambers to synthesize novel crystals [2], to protect sensitive substances [3] or to tailor the properties of the host carbon shell or the guest material [4]. Recently, it was demonstrated that nanocable-like materials could be used as precursors for ...

The increasing occurrence of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) in the environment is raising questions about its potential ecological and human health impacts. TBBPA is microbially transformed under anaerobic conditions to bisphenol A (BPA). However, little is known about which taxa degrade TBBPA and the adaptation of microbial communities exposed to TBBPA. The objectives of this study were to char...

Studies on bench scale reactors packed with two different media matrix – Biopac media and Fugino spirals were undertaken to determine the performance at various organic loading rate (OLR) and on one day hydraulic retention time (HRT). Parboiled rice mill wastewater depicted a COD/BOD ratio of 1.6 indicating good degradable nature of the wastewater. Four different organic loadings of 0.8, 1.6, 2...

Gasification of pyrolysis oil was studied in a fluidized bed over a wide temperature range (523-914 °C) with and without the use of nickel-based catalysts. Noncatalytically, a typical fuel gas was produced. Both a special designed fluid bed catalyst and a crushed commercial fixed bed catalyst showed an initial activity for syngas (H2 and CO) production at T >700 °C. However, these catalysts los...

This article presents an experimental study of a DBD-driven plasma jet system. The aim the is to design whole system (the reactor, its electrical power supply, and gas-feeding apparatus) suitable for biomedical applications. describes test bench developed this purpose discusses parameters it controls. measurements show that studied solutions can be used control critical such as temperature dime...

Research efforts have been directed towards constructing a fully automated microcomputer-controlled bench-scale 'batch-type' chemical reactor [1-6]. This fully automated reactor can execute repetitive experiments on an approximately 50 ml scale, providing important chemical reaction data during early stages of process development research programmes. The precision and accuracy of the reagent/so...

Continuous cultures in chemostats have proven their value in microbiology, microbial ecology, systems biology and bioprocess engineering, among others. In these systems, microbial growth and ecosystem performance can be quantified under stable and defined environmental conditions. This is essential when linking microbial diversity to ecosystem function. Here, a new system to test this link in a...

Advanced bioreactors are essential for meeting the complex requirements of in vitro engineering functional skeletal tissues. To address this need, we have developed a computer controlled bench-top bioreactor system with capability to apply complex concurrent mechanical strains to three-dimensional matrices independently housed in 24 reactor vessels, in conjunction with enhanced environmental an...