...................................................................................................................................................................... II DECLARATION ............................................................................................................................................................. IV AKNOWLEDGEMENTS .........................................

Mixture of Student t-distribution (MoT) has been widely used to model multivariate data sets with atypical observations, or outliers for robust clustering. In this paper, we developed a novel robust clustering approach by modeling the data sets with mixture of Pearson type VII distribution (MoP). An EM algorithm is developed for the maximum likelihood estimation of the model parameters. Outlier...

Our context is the study of ω-models of subsystems of second order arithmetic [5, Chapter VIII]. As in [5, Chapter VII], a β-model is an ω-model M such that, for all Σ1 sentences φ with parameters from M , φ is true if and only if M |= φ. Theorems 1.1 and 1.3 below are an interesting supplement to the results on β-models which have been presented in Simpson [5, §§VII.2 and VIII.6]. Let HYP deno...

Raman spectra of ice VII and X were investigated using strong plasma shockwave generated by laser-induced breakdown (LIB) in liquid water. Simultaneously, the occurrence of the hydrogen emission lines of 656 nm (Hα), 486 nm (Hβ), 434 nm (Hγ) and 410 nm (Hδ) was observed. At 5 × 10(12) W/cm(2) optical power density, the O-H symmetric stretching, translational and librational modes of ice VII and...

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is a prototype member of avian paramyxovirus serotype 1 (APMV-1), which causes severe and contagious disease in the commercial poultry and wild birds. In this study, we report the results of phylogenetic analyses of recent NDVs isolated from Markazi province of Iran during a recent outbreak in the commercial broiler with respiratory signs and digestive system lesio...

....................................................................................................................I PREFACE.....................................................................................................................III CONTENTS................................................................................................................... V LIST OF PUBLICATIONS........

...................................................................................................................................................................... II DECLARATION ............................................................................................................................................................. IV AKNOWLEDGEMENTS .........................................

............................................................................................................................................................... V ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.................................................................................................................................... VII

.................................................................................................... II STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ......................................................................... III ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................... IV TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................