toury (1978:200) believes that translation is a kind of activity which inevitably involves at least two languages and two cultural traditions. being polite while asking for something takes place differently in different cultures and languages, therefore various strategies may be applied for making requests and also translation of them in order not to disturb or threaten the face or better to sa...

learning a second or foreign language requires the manipulation of four main skills, namely, listening, reading, speaking, and writing which lead to effective communication. it is obvious that vocabulary is an indispensible part of any communication, so without a vocabulary, no meaningful communication can take place and meaningful communication relies heavily on vocabulary. one fundamental fac...

stories are an important part of the cultural heritage of any nation. contrary to modern scientific notion of the story as being non-scientific, it was considered as one of the most essential human concept in ancient times. it seems that ancient human’s mental thoughts, whether unconscious or conscious, were affected by stories. stories are usually stored more in the unconscious but also in the...