Background: Time management, especially at university is an important factor contributing to the academic success of students. However, majority of students relentlessly delay their academic work. Drawing upon the literature, we attempted to identify the characteristics of academic procrastination. Methods: For the review, articles, books and theses in English and Persian were identified with a...

We conducted three field experiments to investigate how people schedule and complete tasks, providing some of the first data concerning procrastination and willpower under financial incentives. In our first study, we paid students $95 if they completed 75 hours of monitored studying over a five-week period. We also required people to meet interim weekly targets in one treatment, but not in the ...

a r t i c l e i n f o Procrastination is a self-defeating behavior that occurs when present self chooses to delay a task action in favor of future self taking on this task later. Given this dynamic between present and future self with procrastination, we hypothesized that higher levels of perceived self-continuity would be related to lower levels of self-reported procrastination , because highe...

Procrastination is extremely prevalent and pernicious form of self-regulatory failure, or the tendency to postpone an activity under one’s control to the last possible minute, or even not to perform it at all, that is not entirely understood. Procrastination is the deferment of actions or tasks to a later time, or even to infinity. It is the avoidance, or deferment, without good reason, of an i...

Researchers and practitioners have long regarded procrastination as a self-handicapping and dysfunctional behavior. In the present study, the authors proposed that not all procrastination behaviors either are harmful or lead to negative consequences. Specifically, the authors differentiated two types of procrastinators: passive procrastinators versus active procrastinators. Passive procrastinat...

Procrastination is a prevalent and pernicious form of self-regulatory failure that is not entirely understood. Hence, the relevant conceptual, theoretical, and empirical work is reviewed, drawing upon correlational, experimental, and qualitative findings. A meta-analysis of procrastination's possible causes and effects, based on 691 correlations, reveals that neuroticism, rebelliousness, and se...