A model is presented to account for the natural selection of what is termed reciprocally altruistic behavior. The model shows how selection can operate -against the cheater (non-reciprocator) in the system. Three instances of altruistic behavior are discussed, the evolution of which the model can explain: (1) behavior involved in cleaning symbioses; (2) warning cries in birds: and (3) human rec...

Aggressive behavior is important for animal survival and reproduction, and excessive aggression is an enormous social and economic burden for human society. Although the role of biogenic amines in modulating aggressive behavior is well characterized, other genetic mechanisms affecting this complex behavior remain elusive. Here, we developed an assay to rapidly quantify aggressive behavior in Dr...

This article penetrates the relationship between social behavior and rationality. A critical analysis is made of efforts to classify some behaviors as altruistic, as they simultaneously meet criteria of rationality by not truly being self-destructive. Newcomb's paradox is one attempt to create a hybrid behavior that is both irrational and still meets some criterion of rationality. Such dubious ...

background this study aimed to assess the effects of maternal self-efficacy and oral health-related knowledge on pre-school children oral hygiene behavior. materials and methods this cross-sectional study was conducted on 301 mothers with children aged 2–6 years old randomly selection from health centers of tabriz, iran.  data were collected using self-report questionnaires including demographi...

We experimentally investigate information aggregation through majority voting when some voters are biased. In such situations, majority voting can have a “dark side,”that is, result in groups making choices inferior to those made by individuals acting alone. In line with theoretical predictions, information on the popularity of policy choices is beneficial when a minority of voters is biased, b...

This study explores the multiple factors that account for peer influence processes of adolescent delinquency and depression using data from Waves I and II of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health). Random-effects longitudinal negative binomial models were used to predict depression and delinquency, controlling for social connection variables to account for se...

The present study empirically examined previously inconsistent findings between Aldwin (Aldwin, C. M., 1994. Stress, coping, and development. New York, NY: The Guilford Press) and Slavin, Rainer, McCreary, and Gowda’s (Slavin, L. A., Rainer, K. L., McCreary, M. L., & Gowda, K. K., 1991. Toward a multicultural model of the stress process. Journal of Counseling & Development, 70, 156–163) models ...

Many banks become entangled in the core banking system selection phase, misdirecting scarce resources and resulting in poor choices. Decision makers must fixate unwaveringly on criteria with the highest bank impact.

The current work introduces a novel approach for enhanced process planning where the machine tool kinematic and dynamic behavior is introduced and modeled. The proposed approach is structured in three main steps starting from the workpiece analysis, the dynamic cutting simulation till the fixturing system selection and the setup planning. The methodology introduced in the paper has been validat...

This article deals with the methodological issues that might be encountered in designing and conducting a randomized controlled study of the efficacy of yoga in the treatment of epilepsy. Methodological issues relating to patient selection, randomization, blinding, type of intervention, outcome measures and analysis are highlighted.