This article revisits the operation of Football (Offences) Act (FOA) 1991 30 years after its enactment. FOA was introduced following recommendations Taylor Report 1990 as part a raft measures looking to balance spectator safety against threat football crowd disorder. Providing targeted and largely uncontroversial restrictions on spectators, seemingly popular with police clubs, criminalises thro...

Peer-to-peer content distribution systems have been enjoying great popularity, and are now gaining momentum as a means of disseminating video streams over the Internet. In many of these protocols, including the popular BitTorrent, content is split into mostly fixed-size pieces, allowing a client to download data from many peers simultaneously. This makes piece size potentially critical for perf...

What is a combinatorial game? The usual definition is a game in which (i) there are two players moving alternately; (ii) there are no chance devices and both players have perfect information; (iii) the rules are such that the game must eventually end; and (iv) there are no draws, and the winner is determined by who moves last. In this section, two master expositors lead us through many examples...

An experiment was conducted to test the relationships between users' perceptions of a computerized system's beauty and usability. The experiment used a computerized application as a surrogate for an Automated Teller Machine (ATM). Perceptions were elicited before and after the participants used the system. Pre-experimental measures indicate strong correlations between system's perceived aesthet...

The Age of Genomics dawned only gradually for bacteriophages. It was 1977 when the genome of phage phi X174 was published and 1983 when the "large" genome of phage lambda hit the streets. More recently, the pace has quickened, so that we now have over 100 complete phage genomes and can expect thousands in a very few years. These sequences have been marvelously informative for the biology of the...

The experience of beauty is a pleasure, but common sense and philosophy suggest that feeling beauty differs from sensuous pleasures such as eating or sex. Immanuel Kant [1, 2] claimed that experiencing beauty requires thought but that sensuous pleasure can be enjoyed without thought and cannot be beautiful. These venerable hypotheses persist in models of aesthetic processing [3-7] but have neve...