I develop a syntactic concept of circularity, which I call propositional circularity. With respect to a given use of an argument advanced as a statement of inference for the benefit of a reasoner R, if the direct and indirect premises R would have to accept in order to accept the conclusion includes the conclusion, then the collection of premises is propositionally circular. The argument fails ...

We assessed, in a task where subjects had to detect smooth deviations from circularity, whether the underlying mechanisms were localised in space to the size of the individual perturbations or whether they computed global shape. By manipulating the phase, the number of cycles of modulation and the spatial arrangement of the perturbations we argue that although either aspect can be detected, per...

This article presents an investigation into the meaning of ‘learning’ It uses cybernetics as a framework to look at the fundamental questions of: What is learning and why do people learn? Why do they learn this (and not something else)? How does learning happen? The article first describes the origin of cybernetics and its central tenets of circularity, feedback and communication, which suggest...

This paper considers a graph-oriented, nonprocedural, development environment where new composite programs are constructed by coupling a collection of existing component programs, each of whose interface is defined by a fixed number of input ports and output ports. When the coupling graph is cyclic there is the possibility of a deadlock. The intent of this paper is to present a system that perm...

Ambiguous strings are strings of non-whitespace characters, typically coinciding with orthographic contractions of word forms, that depending on the specific occurrence, are to be considered as consisting of one or more than one token. This sort of strings is shown to raise the problem of undesired circularity between tokenization and tagging. This paper presents a strategy to resolve ambiguous...

The circular economy (CE) aims to eliminate the concept of pollution and waste generation, maintain integrity product over several use cycles, focus on closing material energy loops. Circularity metrics are relevant for monitoring, reporting communicating CE implementation progress. Applied buildings, these deliver structured assessments through standardized indicators, which establish a common...

Abstract Purpose In a context where the transition to circular economy is increasingly required, it necessary clarify relationship between sustainability and circularity. this commentary we summarise what are circularity indicators LCA (Life Cycle Assessment), discuss their potential role in improving decision making. Methods Based on literature, focus how could be used making presented. Moreov...