in this article, by investigating the nature of post national companies and their status in international political economy it is attempted, to show that great evolution has been occurred in diplomacy and persons having role in it and by entering these companies into field of international relations two additional aspects have been added to diplomacy other than diplomacy of governments: company...

Background: Teaching Evidence-based practice (EBP) should be evaluated and guided by evidence of its own effectiveness. As educators implementing EBP training, they need instruments to evaluate the learning outcomes of trainees. For that reason, to develop a reliable and minimal time-consuming instrument is necessary. Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine the reliability and validity of...

BACKGROUND Modern psychometric methods based on item response theory (IRT) can be used to develop adaptive measures of health-related quality of life (HRQL). Adaptive assessment requires an item bank for each domain of HRQL. The purpose of this study was to develop item banks for five domains of HRQL relevant to arthritis. METHODS About 1,400 items were drawn from published questionnaires or ...

The Long Tail. The phrase “The Long Tail” was first coined by Chris Anderson in an October 2004 Wired magazine article to describe how our culture and economy is increasingly shifting away from a focus on a relatively small number of “hits” (mainstream products and markets) at the head of the demand curve toward a huge number of niches in the tail (as exemplified by companies such as Amazon or ...

BACKGROUND The Western Ontario Rotator Cuff Index (WORC) is a self-report questionnaire developed specifically to evaluate disability in persons with pathology of the rotator cuff of the shoulder. The authors created items in 5 categories based on a model of quality of life, but never validated this structure. The purpose of this study was to examine the validity of the original 5-domain model ...

BACKGROUND The purpose of this secondary analysis of clinical databases of people with neck pain was to use a mixed unique conceptual and statistical approach to develop a brief version of the Neck Disability Index (NDI). METHODS An a priori framework of neck-related function based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health was used to identify items from the or...

the link between international conflict and economy linkage is one of the focal subjects in international political economy (ipe). the aim of this article is to scrutinise the impact of the economic factor on managing indo-pakistan conflict based on ipe approaches. so, the article organizes as follows: first, it is tried to provide a brief coherent theoretical framework concentrated on conflict...

The goal of the current research is to examine mechanisms underlying induction early in development. Artificial categories were created in which the appearance of items could be pitted against category membership. Children between 4 and 5 years of age participated in two types of tasks: categorization and induction. Although participants readily classified items based on category membership, th...

cooperation in iran has a long precedent but for the first time after the islamic revolution became a foundation in iranian constitutional law and was defined as a protect ional approach. as a point of view in codification of iranian constitutional act (1979) the cooperation recognized on its bases and values that has based in the world. so it is in compliance with islamic standards. it is a wa...