Pharmaceutical companies are regarded as principal contributors to national economies all over the world owing to their substantial assistance to public health system; GDP, employment, and market growth. Consequently, pharmaceutical managers must take the necessary steps to improve strategy-making and firm performance. This study investigates the relationship between four conventional modes of ...

Financial ratios provide an illustration of the financial situation, the company's returns, and the future opportunities of business units. Considering that in traditional methods, the effect of financial ratios on efficiency has been investigated so far, it did not look right; therefore, we sought a method that It can be used to see the effect of financial ratios. In the process of data envelo...

1075 ducting research on improved detection methods are all necessary activities. Interpol, national authorities, drug companies, academic groups, the United States Pharmacopeia, and the WHO are collaborating on these actions. The threat posed by emerging artemisinin resistance on the Cambodia–Thailand border is widely acknowledged, but an effective response requires that critical operational a...

N-of-1 trials are empirical formal tests using a within-patient randomised, double-blind, cross-over comparison of drug and placebo (or another drug), which we adapted to study individual patients' responses as a clinical tool to guide clinical management. We administered semi-structured interviews to gauge stakeholder perspectives on the possibility of using routine n-of-1 trials for this purp...

This paper seeks to examine empirically the extent to which actors in subsidiaries of multinational companies (MNCs) are able to exercise some choice in the face of global pressures from the MNC headquarters (HQ). We argue that managerial practices in MNCs are not the result of a simple imposition of a global or a MNC organisational rationality but are subject to an interactive process, where d...

Much attention has been focused in recent years on the ethical acceptability of physicians receiving gifts from drug companies. Professional guidelines recognize industry gifts as a conflict of interest and establish thresholds prohibiting the exchange of large gifts while expressly allowing for the exchange of small gifts such as pens, note pads, and coffee. Considerable evidence from the soci...

Although the influence of research onmedical practice has become a key concern, the influence of pharmaceutical advertising in medical journals has received little attention. There is evidence that advertising influences doctors’ behaviour more than they might think. Important pockets of research exist in this area but tend to focus on the scientific validity of the text and rarely give much at...