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Introduction: During trips the imposed costs are aggravated due to time and financial limits, not being familiar with treatment centers that are covered by the insurances and charges for accommodation. Insurance, especially supplementary treatment services insurance can be an appropriate solution to decrease these costs. These kinds of insurances cover a range of services inclu...

There is often a gap between promises made politically and the will to implement these promises meaningfully. One example is Canada's Access to Medicines Regime (CAMR). CAMR was enacted following a WTO decision that changed global intellectual property rules, allowing countries to issue compulsory licences for the production and export of domestically patented medicines to countries without pha...

The goal was straightforward and highly-laudable: find ways of providing access to cheaper, generic versions of patented drugs in developing countries to combat public health crises resulting from HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria or other epidemics. Yet, nearly a decade after global agencies began to pave the way for developing countries to buy or manufacture patented medicines at low prices to ...

In the mid-1990s, the policy debate within the WTO focused on whether regional trade agreements (RTAs) were building blocks or stumbling blocks for the WTO system, essentially questioning whether regionalism was appropriate at all from an economic policy perspective. Given the proliferation of RTAs since that time and the inability to roll back the clock, that policy debate has been replaced by...

As an internationally standardized product nomenclature, the Harmonized System (HS) is used by WTO Members in their schedules of concessions and in the definitions of product coverage for a number of WTO agreements. The Harmonized System is normally amended by the World Customs Organization every four to six years. These amendments pose considerable challenges for the WTO and its Members. On th...