BACKGROUND We conducted a systematic review to investigate avian influenza outbreaks and to explore their distribution, upon avian influenza subtype, country, avian species and other relating details as no comprehensive epidemiological analysis of global avian influenza outbreaks from 2010 to 2016 exists. METHODS Data was collated from four databases (Scopus, Web of Science Core Correlation, ...

The objective of this study was to determine patterns of avian HEV infection in naturally infected chicken farms. A total of 310 serum samples and 62 pooled fecal samples were collected from 62 chicken flocks on seven commercial in-line egg farms in the Midwestern United States and tested for avian HEV circulation. Serum samples were tested for the presence of anti-avian HEV IgY antibodies by a...

Avian hepatitis E virus (avian HEV) is genetically and antigenically related to human HEV, the causative agent of hepatitis E. To identify the neutralizing epitopes on the capsid (ORF2) protein of avian HEV, four mAbs (7B2, 1E11, 10A2 and 5G10) against recombinant avian HEV ORF2 protein were generated. mAbs 7B2, 1E11 and 10A2 blocked each other for binding to avian HEV ORF2 protein in a competi...

No abstract this article:Molecular Surveillance of Avian Influenza in Live Bird Market of Qom City in Iran

In this study antibodies against avian encephalomyelitis virus was detected by indirect ELISA to test for prevalence of avian encephalomyelitis infection in commercial layer belt of Tamil Nadu. A total of 920 sera samples were collected from different age groups of commercial layers. A total seropositivity of avian encephalomyelitis virus was 79.35% and seropositivity of chicks, growers and lay...

BACKGROUND The avian influenza A H5N1 virus occasionally infects humans, with high mortality rates. Although all current human infections are from avian-to-human transmission, it has been shown that H5N1 can be evolved to transmit between mammals, and is therefore a pandemic threat. For H5N1 surveillance, it is of interest to identify the avian isolates most likely to infect humans. In this stu...

Capsules from a range of pathogenic bacteria are the key determinants of virulency. The capsule hasbeen implicated in virulence of Pasteurella multocida. In this study a type-specific polymerase chain reaction(PCR) assay was used for capsular typing of 39 avian P. multocida isolates from Iran. The PCR amplified afragment of 1044 bp from all of tested isolates. It was found that all avian P. mul...

H1N1 influenza A viruses isolated from pigs in Europe since 1981 were examined both antigenically and genetically and compared with H1N1 viruses from other sources. H1N1 viruses from pigs and birds could be divided into three groups: avian, classical swine and 'avian-like' swine viruses. Low or no reactivity of 'avian-like' swine viruses in HI tests with monoclonal antibodies raised against cla...