In the mammalian central nervous system, slow inhibitory neurotransmission is largely mediated by metabotropic GABA(B) receptors (where GABA stands for gamma-aminobutyric acid), which belong to the G-protein-coupled receptor gene family. Functional GABA(B) receptors are assembled from two subunits GABA(B1) (GABA(B) receptor subtype 1) and GABA(B2). For the GABA(B1) subunit, which binds the neur...

A stereodivergent approach to the spiroketal fragment of the avermectins is described. The strategy utilizes a sequence of three aldol reactions directed by the tris(trimethylsilyl)silyl "super silyl" group. Central to this strategy is that each aldol reaction can be controlled to allow access to either diastereomer in high stereoselectivity, thereby affording 16 stereoisomers along the same li...

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the safety of moxidectin administration at doses of 30, 60, and 90 microg/kg of body weight (10, 20, and 30 times the manufacturer's recommended dose) in avermectin-sensitive Collies. ANIMALS 24 Collies. PROCEDURE Collies with mild to severe reactions to ivermectin challenge (120 mg/kg; 20 times the recommended dose for heartworm prevention) were used. Six replicates o...

The effect treatments with the recommended application rates of avermectin, buprofezin, white oil, lambda-cyhalothrin and cyromazine on Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood (Aleyrodidae: Homoptera) was evaluated. Pesticides were applied against larvae infesting brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) plants in a natural environment of the Cameron Highlands, Pahang...

Discovered in the late-1970s, the pioneering drug ivermectin, a dihydro derivative of avermectin--originating solely from a single microorganism isolated at the Kitasato Institute, Tokyo, Japan from Japanese soil--has had an immeasurably beneficial impact in improving the lives and welfare of billions of people throughout the world. Originally introduced as a veterinary drug, it kills a wide ra...

Invasive diseases of horses are an urgent problem in the horse breeding industry Republic Belarus, as well near and far abroad countries. The main role among parasitic pathology is occupied by helminths small large intestine, larvae gasterophilus. In associative course, they cause significant economic losses associated with growth development sick young animals, reduced performance, endurance i...

BACKGROUND A 23-valent unconjugated pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (23vP), routinely administered at the age of 65, has limited effectiveness, and revaccination induces attenuated antibody responses. It is not known whether pneumococcal polysaccharide-protein conjugated vaccines (PCV), although highly effective in infants, offer any immunological advantages over 23vP in adults. METHODS W...

Coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16) is responsible for nearly 50% of all the confirmed hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) cases in mainland China, sometimes it could also cause severe complications, and even death. To clarify the genetic characteristics and the epidemic patterns of CVA16 in mainland China, comprehensive bioinfomatics analyses were performed by using 35 CVA16 whole genome sequences from...