Anesthesia may be considered in terms of two categories: general and regional. The aim of general anesthesia is to induce analgesia, sedation, amnesia, suppression of autonomic reflexes, and relaxation of muscles. Regional anesthesia is more site-specific and is typically divided into three categories based on the location of injection: 1. a central neuraxial block is an injection of an anesthe...

Autonomic nervous system activation can induce significant and heterogeneous changes of atrial electrophysiology and induce atrial tachyarrhythmias, including atrial tachycardia and atrial fibrillation (AF). The importance of the autonomic nervous system in atrial arrhythmogenesis is also supported by circadian variation in the incidence of symptomatic AF in humans. Methods that reduce autonomi...

The vestibular nervous system senses linear and angular acceleration upon the head during postural change generates nerve activity changes. autonomic regulates involuntary physiologic processes throughout peripheral central systems. systems interplay several brain regions to maintain homeostasis changes, called vestibulo-autonomic reflex. In this review, we first contemplated anatomic propertie...

BACKGROUND Sciatic nerve block when combined with femoral nerve block for total knee arthroplasty may provide superior analgesia but can produce footdrop, which may mask surgically induced peroneal nerve injury. In this prospective, randomized, observer-blinded study, we evaluated whether performing a selective tibial nerve block in the popliteal fossa would avoid complete peroneal motor block....

Breathing cold air without proper temperature exchange can induce strong respiratory autonomic responses including cough, airway constriction and mucosal secretion, and can exacerbate existing asthma conditions and even directly trigger an asthma attack. Vagal afferent fiber is thought to be involved in the cold-induced respiratory responses through autonomic nerve reflex. However, molecular me...