OBJECTIVES Prior research suggests that authorized generic drugs increase competition and decrease prices, but little empirical evidence supports this conclusion. This study evaluated the impact of authorized generic marketing on brand and generic prices. DESIGN Longitudinal analysis of the household component of the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. SETTING Interview panels over 12 years, ...

Network in which the unauthorised users are permitted to use vacant quotas of the authorized spectrum for their communication without interrupting the communications of the authorized Users is called Cognitive Radio Networks. But According to the spectrum heterogeneity phenomenon, for the unauthorized users Channel availability is variable, due to the licensed user’s activity. Due to this, it i...

Anthropogenic noise can have important physiological and behavioral effects on wild animals. For example, urban noise could lead to a state of chronic stress and could alter the development of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Supporting this hypothesis, several studies have found that human disturbance is associated with increased circulating corticosterone (CORT) levels. However,...

During community assembly, species may accumulate not only by immigration, but also by in situ diversification. Diversification has intrigued biologists because its extent varies even among closely related lineages under similar ecological conditions. Recent research has suggested that some of this puzzling variation may be caused by stochastic differences in the history of immigration (relativ...

Mutualisms, cooperative interactions between species, generally involve an economic exchange: species exchange commodities that are cheap for them to provide, for ones that cannot be obtained affordably or at all. But these associations can only succeed if effective partners can be enticed to interact. In some mutualisms, partners can actively seek one another out. However, plants, which use mu...