Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is among the most frequently reported coexisting psychiatric conditions in children with encopresis. Some case reports state that atomoxetine-a selective presynaptic norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor-approved for treatment of ADHD is also effective in the treatment of coexisting encopresis. Contrasting those reports, here we present a case diagnos...

ISSUE Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors such as atomoxetine increase both dopamine and norepinephrine in frontal cortex and may thereby enhance cognitive functioning in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

A comprehensive in vivo evaluation of brain penetrability and central nervous system (CNS) pharmacokinetics of atomoxetine in rats was conducted using brain microdialysis. We sought to determine the nature and extent of transport at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCB) and to characterize brain extracellular and cellular disposition. The steady-state extrace...

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness and tolerability of atomoxetine during acute treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in 5 and 6 year olds. METHOD Twenty two children (male n = 19, 86%) with ADHD were treated with atomoxetine for 8 weeks in a three-site, open-label pilot study. Dosing was flexible, with titration to a maximum of 1.8 mg/k...

BACKGROUND Many therapies exist for treating adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), also referred to as attention-deficit disorder (ADD), but there is no research regarding cost differences associated with initiating alternative ADD/ADHD drug therapies in adults. OBJECTIVE To compare from the perspective of a large self-insured employer the risk-adjusted direct health care cos...

MAIN OBJECTIVE To compare the incidence rates of serious cardiovascular events in adult initiators of amphetamines or atomoxetine to rates in non-users. METHODS This was a retrospective cohort study of new amphetamines (n=38,586) or atomoxetine (n=20,995) users. Each medication user was matched to up to four non-users on age, gender, data source, and state (n=238,183). The following events we...

The aim of this paper is to report the first case of atomoxetine leading to false-positive urine drug screen. An otherwise healthy 27-year-old female with a history of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) treated with atomoxetine had an acute onset tonic-clonic seizure. On arrival to the hospital, a urine toxicological drug screen with immunochemical cloned enzyme donor immunoassay (...

BACKGROUND Recent studies have shown that incontinence and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) coexist and there is an interaction between them. The treatment for nocturnal enuresis (NE) and ADHD, however, has not been established. METHODS At the first visit to the outpatient clinic, physical examination and history taking were carried out in 265 new patients with NE. After exclud...

BACKGROUND Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is becoming an increasingly commonly diagnosed and treated childhood illness. Untreated ADHD is recognised as an independent risk factor for suicide-related events and deliberate self-harm and is reported more commonly in these populations. With the treatment of ADHD it is thus crucial to understand further any associations between phar...

Purpose: Poorly controlled pain is linked to several other undesirable outcomes. These outcomes are upsetting patients, their families, and society as a whole. Although opioids non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs the cornerstone of nociceptive treatment, use these restricted due side effects. Therefore, it essential develop new treatment alternatives for pain. Our study aimed examine relief e...