In order to be held responsible, a person’s action has to have made some sort of difference to the outcome. In this paper, we propose a counterfactual replacement model according to which people attribute responsibility by comparing their prior expectation about how an agent was going to act in a given situation, with their posterior expectation after having observed the agent’s action. The mod...

Oceanic geostrophic turbulence is mostly forced at the surface, yet strong bottom-trapped flows are commonly observed along topographic anomalies. Here we consider the case of a freely evolving, initially surface-intensified velocity field above a topographic bump, and show that the self-organization into a bottom-trapped current can result from its turbulent dynamics. Using equilibrium statist...

a potential V (x), when the height of the potential exceeds the particle’s energy for a < x < b. Elementary derivations of this result can be found in most textbooks[1]. Quantum mechanics also predicts that a particle with energy E, greater than a barrier V (x) for all x, will reflect from the barrier. This can also be estimated using semiclassical methods. A derivation can be found in Landau a...

In order to shed more light on the effect of peripheral groups of porphyrin core intophysicochemical properties and DNA binding behavior of porphyrins, we have chosen toinvestigate solution properties and calf thymus DNA binding behavior of meso-tetrakis (4-Nbenzyl-pyridyl) porphyrin (TBZPyP) and its Mn (III), Co (III), Ni (II) and Cu (II) complexesderivatives have been studied in thermodynamic...

helicobacter pylori (h.pylori) is an etiologic factor for chronic gastritis and peptic ulcers. serological testing of h.pylori infection is common in iran, as other parts of the world. there are geographical variations in the humoral immune response to various h. pylori strains in different parts of the worl. we studied the immunogenic proteins of h.pylori by means of an immunoblot assay with a...