Training surgical residents to become the next generation of surgeons involves very significant challenges not faced by educators of a generation ago. Never before have educators had to face the unique challenges involved in surgical education that are now becoming more clearly defined. This discussion will focus on inguinal hernia repair as an index operation to illustrate the challenge faced ...

Introduction While the mortality from stroke and heart attack is declining in industrialized countries, the incidence and prevalence of heart failure is growing dramatically without reduction in annual mortality [1,2] . Many patients worldwide are also undergoing orthotopic heart transplantation which is now an accepted treatment for patients with end-stage heart disease. As a result cardiac re...

Populated coastal areas worldwide have a legacy of numerous solid waste disposal sites. At the same time, mean sea level is rising and likely to accelerate, increasing flooding and/or erosion. There therefore concern that landfill sites located at near coast pose growing risk environment from potential release liquid materials. This paper aims assess our present understanding this issue as well...

the world is considering the great change in sphere of globalization process in 21st century in which individuals living on earth are regarded as members of a mutual political entity. economic globalization is the most significant and conspicuous model of globalization. one of the most important issues in economic globalization process is the function of states in economic policymaking. the pre...

the increasing rate of privatization in various sectors has made the engineering education centers to take a good look at the needs and interests of both students and the industry. this is considered to be a vital step in surviving in today’s very competitive environment. the non interactive traditional training method without considering students’ needs and using training methods inconsistent ...